Cyclic boronic acid ester derivatives and methods of making the same

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein are antimicrobial compounds compositions, pharmaceutical compositions, the use and preparation thereof. Some embodiments relate to cyclic boronic acid ester derivatives and their use as therapeutic agents.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/015,002 filed Feb. 3, 2016 which is a division of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/953,647 filed Jul. 29, 2013 now U.S. Pat. No. 9,296,763 which is a division of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/205,112 filed Aug. 8, 2011 entitled “CYCLIC BORONIC ACID ESTER DERIVATIVES AND THERAPEUTIC USES THEREOF” now U.S. Pat. No. 8,680,136 which claims the benefit of U.S. Prov. App. Nos. 61/372,296, filed Aug. 10, 2010, and 61/488,655, filed May 20, 2011, all of the foregoing are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to antimicrobial compounds, compositions, their use and preparation as therapeutic agents. In particular, the present invention relates to cyclic boronic acid ester compounds.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Antibiotics have been effective tools in the treatment of infectious diseases during the last half-century. From the development of antibiotic therapy to the late 1980s there was almost complete control over bacterial infections in developed countries. However, in response to the pressure of antibiotic usage, multiple resistance mechanisms have become widespread and are threatening the clinical utility of anti-bacterial therapy. The increase in antibiotic resistant strains has been particularly common in major hospitals and care centers. The consequences of the increase in resistant strains include higher morbidity and mortality, longer patient hospitalization, and an increase in treatment costs

Various bacteria have evolved β-lactam deactivating enzymes, namely, β-lactamases, that counter the efficacy of the various β-lactams. β-lactamases can be grouped into 4 classes based on their amino acid sequences, namely, Ambler classes A, B, C, and D. Enzymes in classes A, C, and D include active-site serine β-lactamases, and class B enzymes, which are encountered less frequently, are Zn-dependent. These enzymes catalyze the chemical degradation of β-lactam antibiotics, rendering them inactive. Some β-lactamases can be transferred within and between various bacterial strains and species. The rapid spread of bacterial resistance and the evolution of multi-resistant strains severely limits β-lactam treatment options available.

The increase of class D β-lactamase-expressing bacterium strains such as Acinetobacter baumannii has become an emerging multidrug-resistant threat. A. baumannii strains express A, C, and D class β-lactamases. The class D β-lactamases such as the OXA families are particularly effective at destroying carbapenem type β-lactam antibiotics, e.g., imipenem, the active carbapenems component of Merck's Primaxin® (Montefour, K.; et al. Crit. Care Nurse 2008, 28, 15; Perez, F. et al. Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. 2008, 6, 269; Bou, G.; Martinez-Beltran, J. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2000, 40, 428. 2006, 50, 2280; Bou, G. et al, J. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2000, 44, 1556). This has imposed a pressing threat to the effective use of drugs in that category to treat and prevent bacterial infections. Indeed the number of catalogued serine-based β-lactamases has exploded from less than ten in the 1970s to over 300 variants. These issues fostered the development of five “generations” of cephalosporins. When initially released into clinical practice, extended-spectrum cephalosporins resisted hydrolysis by the prevalent class A β-lactamases, TEM-1 and SHV-1. However, the development of resistant strains by the evolution of single amino acid substitutions in TEM-1 and SHV-1 resulted in the emergence of the extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) phenotype.

New β-lactamases have recently evolved that hydrolyze the carbapenem class of antimicrobials, including imipenem, biapenem, doripenem, meropenem, and ertapenem, as well as other β-lactam antibiotics. These carbapenemases belong to molecular classes A, B, and D. Class A carbapenemases of the KPC-type predominantly in Klebsiella pneumoniae but now also reported in other Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. The KPC carbapenemase was first described in 1996 in North Carolina, but since then has disseminated widely in the US. It has been particularly problematic in the New York City area, where several reports of spread within major hospitals and patient morbidity have been reported. These enzymes have also been recently reported in France, Greece, Sweden, United Kingdom, and an outbreak in Germany has recently been reported. Treatment of resistant strains with carbapenems can be associated with poor outcomes.

Another mechanism of β-lactamase mediated resistance to carbapenems involves combination of permeability or efflux mechanisms combined with hyper production of beta-lactamases. One example is the loss of a porin combined in hyperproduction of ampC beta-lactamase results in resistance to imipenem in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Efflux pump over expression combined with hyperproduction of the ampC β-lactamase can also result in resistance to a carbapenem such as meropenem.

Because there are three major molecular classes of serine-based β-lactamases, and each of these classes contains significant numbers of β-lactamase variants, inhibition of one or a small number of β-lactamases is unlikely to be of therapeutic value. Legacy β-lactamase inhibitors are largely ineffective against at least Class A carbapenemases, against the chromosomal and plasmid-mediated Class C cephalosporinases and against many of the Class D oxacillinases. Therefore, there is a need for improved β-lactamase inhibitors.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to antimicrobial agents and potentiators thereof. Some embodiments include compounds, compositions, pharmaceutical compositions, use and preparation thereof. In particular, some embodiments, relate to cyclic boronic acid ester derivatives.

Some embodiments include compounds having the structure of formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   -   Y is a 1-4 atom alkylene or 2-4 atom alkenylene linker,         optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from         the group consisting of Cl, F, CN, CF₃, —R⁹, —OR⁹, —C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰,         and —C(═O)OR⁹, wherein said alkylene or alkenylene linker is         optionally fused to an optionally substituted aryl, optionally         substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, or         optionally substituted heterocyclyl;     -   R¹ is selected from a group consisting of —C₁₋₉alkyl,         —C₂₋₉alkenyl, —C₂₋₉alkynyl, —NR⁹R¹⁰, —C₁₋₉alkylR¹¹,         —C₂₋₉alkenylR¹¹, —C₂₋₉alkynylR¹¹, -carbocyclyl-R¹¹,         —CH(OH)C₁₋₉alkylR⁹, —CH(OH)C₂₋₉alkenylR⁹, —CH(OH)C₂₋₉alkynylR⁹,         —CH(OH)carbocyclyl-R⁹, —C(═O)R⁹, —C(═O)C₁₋₉alkylR⁹,         —C(═O)C₂₋₉alkenylR⁹, —C(═O)C₂₋₉alkynylR⁹,         —C(═O)C₂₋₉carbocyclyl-R⁹, —C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)C(═O)R⁹,         —N(R⁹)C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)C(═O)OR⁹, —N(R⁹)C(═O)C(═NR¹⁰R⁹,         —N(R⁹)C(═O)C(═CR⁹R¹⁰)R⁹, —N(R⁹)C(═O)C₁₋₄alkylN(R⁹)C(═O)R⁹,         —N(R⁹)C(═NR¹⁰)R⁹, —C(═NR¹⁰)NR⁹R¹⁰, —N═C(R⁹)NR⁹R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)SO₂R⁹,         —N(R⁹)SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰, —N═CHR⁹, substituted or unsubstituted aryl,         substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or         unsubstituted carbocyclyl, and substituted or unsubstituted         heterocyclyl;     -   R⁶ is selected from a group consisting of H, —C₁₋₉alkyl,         C₂₋₉alkenyl, —C₂₋₉alkynyl, carbocyclyl, —C₁₋₉alkylR¹¹,         —C₂₋₉alkenylR¹¹, —C₂₋₉alkynylR¹¹, carbocyclyl-R¹¹, —C(═O)OR⁹,         —C₁₋₉alkylCO₂R⁹, —C₂₋₉alkenylCO₂R⁹, —C₂₋₉alkynylCO₂R⁹, and         -carbocyclyl-CO₂R⁹, or alternatively:         -   (i) R⁶ and an R⁷ are taken together with the atoms to which             they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted             carbocyclyl or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl,         -   (ii) R⁶ and a carbon atom in Y are taken together with             intervening atoms to form a substituted or unsubstituted             carbocyclyl or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, or         -   (iii) R⁶ is absent when the carbon to which it is attached             is a ring atom in an aryl or heteroaryl ring;     -   each R⁷ is independently selected from a group consisting of H,         halo, —C₁₋₉alkyl, —C₂₋₉alkenyl, —C₂₋₉alkynyl, —NR⁹R¹⁰, —OR⁹,         —C₁₋₉alkylCO₂R⁹, —C₂₋₉alkenylCO₂R⁹, —C₂₋₉alkynylCO₂R⁹, and         -carbocyclyl-CO₂R⁹, or independently:         -   (i) R⁶ and an R⁷ are taken together with the atoms to which             they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted             carbocyclyl or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl,         -   (ii) R⁷ and an R⁸ are taken together with the atoms to which             they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted             carbocyclyl or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl,         -   (iii) an R⁷ and a carbon atom in Y are taken together with             intervening atoms to form a substituted or unsubstituted             carbocyclyl or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl,         -   (iv) each of the following conditions are met:             -   (a) Y is a 3-4 atom alkylene or 3-4 atom alkenylene                 linker,             -   (b) R⁶ is absent,             -   (c) R⁷ and a carbon atom in Y are taken together with                 intervening atoms to form a substituted or unsubstituted                 aryl or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and             -   (d) each R⁸ attached to a ring atom forming part of the                 substituted or unsubstituted aryl or a substituted or                 unsubstituted heteroaryl formed by R⁷ and Y is absent;     -   each R⁸ is independently selected from a group consisting of H,         halo, —C₁₋₉alkyl, —C₂₋₉alkenyl, —C₂₋₉alkynyl, —NR⁹R¹⁰, —OR⁹,         —C₁₋₉alkylCO₂R⁹, —C₂₋₉alkenylCO₂R⁹, —C₂₋₉alkynylCO₂R⁹,         -carbocyclyl-CO₂R⁹, or independently:         -   (i) an R⁷ and an R⁸ are taken together with the atoms to             which they are attached to form a substituted or             unsubstituted carbocyclyl or substituted or unsubstituted             heterocyclyl,         -   (ii) a geminal R⁷ and R⁸ together form —C₂₋₉             alkenylenylCO₂R⁹, or         -   (iii) each R⁸ attached to a ring atom forming part of a             substituted or unsubstituted aryl is absent;     -   each R⁹ is independently selected from a group consisting of H,         —C₁₋₉alkyl, C₂₋₉alkenyl, —C₂₋₉alkynyl, carbocyclyl,         —C₁₋₉alkylR¹¹, —C₂₋₉alkenylR¹¹, —C₂₋₉alkynylR¹¹,         -carbocyclyl-R¹¹, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted         or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted         carbocyclyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl;     -   each R¹⁰ is independently selected from a group consisting of H,         —C₁₋₉alkyl, —OR⁹, —CH(═NH), —C(═O)OR⁹, substituted or         unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl,         substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, and substituted or         unsubstituted heterocyclyl;     -   each R¹¹ is independently selected from a group consisting of         substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted         heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, and         substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl;     -   X is selected from a group consisting of H, —CO₂R¹², and         carboxylic acid isosteres;     -   R¹² is selected from a group consisting of H, C₁₋₉alkyl,         —(CH₂)₀₋₃—R¹¹, —C(R¹³)₂OC(O)C₁₋₉alkyl, —C(R¹³)₂OC(O)R¹¹,         —C(R¹³)₂OC(O)OC₁₋₉alkyl and —C(R¹³)₂OC(O)OR¹¹;     -   each R¹³ is independently selected from a group consisting of H         and C₁₋₄alkyl; and     -   m is independently zero or an integer from 1 to 2,     -   wherein each C₁₋₉alkyl, C₂₋₉alkenyl, and C₂₋₉alkynyl is         independently optionally substituted.

In some embodiments, the compound of formula I has the structure of formula II:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   -   the bond represented by a dashed and solid line represents a         bond selected from the group consisting of a single bond and a         double bond with the proviso that the dashed and solid line can         only be a double bond when n is 1;     -   R² and R⁴ are independently selected from a group consisting of         Cl, F, CN, CF₃, —R⁹, —OR⁹, —C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, and —C(═O)OR⁹; or         alternatively, R² and R⁴ are taken together with the atoms to         which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted         aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or         unsubstituted carbocyclyl or substituted or unsubstituted         heterocyclyl;     -   R³ and R⁵ are independently selected from a group consisting of         Cl, F, CN, CF₃, —R⁹, —OR⁹, —C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, and —C(═O)OR⁹, with the         proviso that if the bond represented by a dashed and solid line         is a double bond then R³ and R⁵ are absent; and     -   n is independently zero or an integer from 1 to 2.

In some embodiments, the compound of formula I the structure of formula IIIa or IIIb:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   -   the bond represented by a dashed and solid line represents a         bond selected from the group consisting of a single bond and a         double bond;     -   each R² and R⁴ are independently selected from a group         consisting of Cl, F, CN, CF₃, —R⁹, —OR⁹, —C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, and         —C(═O)OR⁹; or alternatively, an R² and R⁴ are taken together         with the atoms to which they are attached to form a substituted         or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl,         substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl or substituted or         unsubstituted heterocyclyl;     -   each R³ and R⁵ are independently selected from a group         consisting of Cl, F, CN, CF₃, —R⁹, —OR⁹, —C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, and         —C(═O)OR⁹, with the proviso that if the bond represented by a         dashed and solid line is a double bond then R³ and R⁵ are         absent.

In some embodiments, the compound of formula I has the structure of formula IVa, IVb, or IVc:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   -   the bond represented by a dashed and solid line represents a         bond selected from the group consisting of a single bond and a         double bond;     -   each R² and each R⁴ are independently selected from a group         consisting of Cl, F, CN, CF₃, —R⁹, —OR⁹, —C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, and         —C(═O)OR⁹; or alternatively, an R² and an R⁴ are taken together         with the atoms to which they are attached to form a substituted         or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl,         substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl or substituted or         unsubstituted heterocyclyl;     -   each R³ and each R⁵ are independently selected from a group         consisting of Cl, F, CN, CF₃, —R⁹, —OR⁹, —C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, and         —C(═O)OR⁹, with the proviso that if the bond represented by a         dashed and solid line is a double bond then the R³ and R⁵         attached to the carbon atoms bonded that bond are absent.

Some embodiments include a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of any one of the foregoing compounds and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

Some embodiments include any one of the foregoing compounds or compositions for use in the treatment or prevention of a bacterial infection.

Some embodiments include methods for treating or preventing a bacterial infection comprising administering to a subject in need thereof, an effective amount of any one of the foregoing compounds or compositions.

Some embodiments include the use of any one of the foregoing compounds or compositions in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of a bacterial infection.

Some embodiments further comprise administering an additional medicament, either is a separate composition or in the same composition.

In some embodiments, the additional medicament includes an antibacterial agent, antifungal agent, an antiviral agent, an anti-inflammatory agent or an anti-allergic agent.

In some embodiments, the additional medicament comprises an antibacterial agent such as a β-lactam.

In some embodiments, the β-lactam includes Amoxicillin, Ampicillin (Pivampicillin, Hetacillin, Bacampicillin, Metampicillin, Talampicillin), Epicillin, Carbenicillin (Carindacillin), Ticarcillin, Temocillin, Azlocillin, Piperacillin, Mezlocillin, Mecillinam (Pivmecillinam), Sulbenicillin, Benzylpenicillin (G), Clometocillin, Benzathine benzylpenicillin, Procaine benzylpenicillin, Azidocillin, Penamecillin, Phenoxymethylpenicillin (V), Propicillin, Benzathine phenoxymethylpenicillin, Pheneticillin, Cloxacillin (Dicloxacillin, Flucloxacillin), Oxacillin, Meticillin, Nafcillin, Faropenem, Biapenem, Doripenem, Ertapenem, Imipenem, Meropenem, Panipenem, Tomopenem, Razupenem, Cefazolin, Cefacetrile, Cefadroxil, Cefalexin, Cefaloglycin, Cefalonium, Cefaloridine, Cefalotin, Cefapirin, Cefatrizine, Cefazedone, Cefazaflur, Cefradine, Cefroxadine, Ceftezole, Cefaclor, Cefamandole, Cefminox, Cefonicid, Ceforanide, Cefotiam, Cefprozil, Cefbuperazone, Cefuroxime, Cefuzonam, Cefoxitin, Cefotetan, Cefmetazole, Loracarbef, Cefixime, Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone, Cefcapene, Cefdaloxime, Cefdinir, Cefditoren, Cefetamet, Cefmenoxime, Cefodizime, Cefoperazone, Cefotaxime, Cefpimizole, Cefpiramide, Cefpodoxime, Cefsulodin, Cefteram, Ceftibuten, Ceftiolene, Ceftizoxime, Flomoxef, Latamoxef, Cefepime, Cefozopran, Cefpirome, Cefquinome, Ceftobiprole, Ceftaroline, CXA-101, RWJ-54428, MC-04,546, ME1036, BAL30072, SYN 2416, Ceftiofur, Cefquinome, Cefovecin, Aztreonam, Tigemonam, Carumonam, RWJ-442831, RWJ-333441, or RWJ-333442.

In some embodiments, the β-lactam includes Ceftazidime, Biapenem, Doripenem, Ertapenem, Imipenem, Meropenem, or Panipenem.

In some embodiments, the β-lactam is selected from Aztreonam, Tigemonam, BAL30072, SYN 2416, or Carumonam.

In some embodiments, the β-lactam Tigemonam, the composition is suitable for oral administration, X is —CO₂R¹², and R¹² is selected from a group consisting of C₁₋₉alkyl, —(CH₂)₀₋₃—R₁₁, —C(R¹³)₂OC(O)C₁₋₉alkyl, —C(R¹³)₂OC(O)R¹¹, —C(R¹³)₂OC(O)OC₁₋₉alkyl and —C(R¹³)₂OC(O)OR¹¹.

In some embodiments, the infection that is treated or prevented comprises a bacteria that includes Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas acidovorans, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Pseudomonas putida, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Burkholderia cepacia, Aeromonas hydrophilia, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella enteritidis, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Serratia marcescens, Francisella tularensis, Morganella morganii, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Providencia alcalifaciens, Providencia rettgeri, Providencia stuartii, Acinetobacter baumannii, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Acinetobacter haemolyticus, Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pestis, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Yersinia intermedia, Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella parapertussis, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Haemophilus haemolyticus, Haemophilus parahaemolyticus, Haemophilus ducreyi, Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella haemolytica, Branhamella catarrhalis, Helicobacter pylori, Campylobacter fetus, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Borrelia burgdorferi, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Legionella pneumophila, Listeria monocytogenes, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Kingella, Moraxella, Gardnerella vaginalis, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides 3452A homology group, Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacteroides ovalus, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides splanchnicus, Clostridium difficile, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium leprae, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium ulcerans, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. hyicus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus hominis, or Staphylococcus saccharolyticus.

In some embodiments, the infection that is treated or prevented comprises a bacteria that includes Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella enteritidis, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Serratia marcescens, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Acinetobacter haemolyticus, Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pestis, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Yersinia intermedia, Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Haemophilus haemolyticus, Haemophilus parahaemolyticus, Helicobacter pylori, Campylobacter fetus, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Legionella pneumophila, Listeria monocytogenes, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Moraxella, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacteroides ovalus, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides eggerthii, or Bacteroides splanchnicus.

Some embodiments include a sterile container, comprising any one of the foregoing compounds in solid form and an antibacterial agent in solid form. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial agent is one of the additional medicaments described above. Some embodiments include a method of preparing a pharmaceutical composition for administration, comprising reconstituting the contents of the sterile container using a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent. In some embodiments, the reconstituted solution is administered intravenously to a patient.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a graph depicting the plasma concentration profile of a cyclic boronic acid ester derivative as a function of time after administration to Sprague Dawley rats.

FIG. 2 is a graph depicting the plasma concentration profile of a prodrug of the cyclic boronic acid ester derivative of FIG. 1 as a function of time after administration to Sprague Dawley rats.

FIG. 3 is an X-ray powder diffraction of a crystalline form of a cyclic boronic acid ester derivative.

FIG. 4 is a graph depicting an overlay of differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric results for the crystalline form of FIG. 3.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention relates to antimicrobial agents and potentiators thereof. Some embodiments include compounds, compositions, pharmaceutical compositions, uses thereof, including methods of preparation, and methods of treatment. In particular, the present invention relates to cyclic boronic acid ester derivatives. In some embodiments, the cyclic boronic acid ester derivatives have the structure of formula I, II, IIIa, IIIb, IVa, IVb, or IVc as described above.

Some embodiments of the compound of formula II have the defined 3,6-cis-stereochemistry shown in formula IIa:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Some embodiments of the compound of formula II have the defined 3,6-trans-stereochemistry shown in formula IIb:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment of the compound of formula II:

-   -   R¹ is selected from a group consisting of —C₁₋₉alkyl,         —C₂₋₉alkenyl, —C₂₋₉alkynyl, —NR⁹R¹⁰, —C₁₋₉alkylR¹¹,         —C₂₋₉alkenylR¹¹, —C₂₋₉alkynylR¹¹, —CH(OH)C₁₋₉alkylR⁹,         —CH(OH)C₂₋₉alkenylR⁹, —CH(OH)C₂₋₉alkynylR⁹, —C(═O)R⁹,         —C(═O)C₁₋₉alkylR⁹, —C(═O)C₂₋₉alkenylR⁹, —C(═O)C₂₋₉alkynylR⁹,         —C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)C(═O)R⁹, —N(R⁹)C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)C(═O)OR⁹,         —N(R⁹)C(═O)C(═NR¹⁰R⁹, —N(R⁹)C(═O)C₁₋₄alkylN(R⁹)C(═O)R⁹,         —N(R⁹)C(═NR¹⁰)R⁹, —C(═NR¹⁰)NR⁹R¹⁰, —N═C(R⁹)NR⁹R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)SO₂R⁹,         —N(R⁹)SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted         or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted         carbocyclyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl;     -   R⁶ is selected from a group consisting of H, —C₁₋₉alkyl,         C₂₋₉alkenyl, —C₂₋₉alkynyl, —C₁₋₉alkylR¹¹, —C₂₋₉alkenylR¹¹,         —C₂₋₉alkynylR¹¹, —C(═O)OR⁹, and —C₁₋₉alkylCO₂R⁹,         —C₂₋₉alkenylCO₂R⁹, and —C₂₋₉alkynylCO₂R⁹, or alternatively R⁶         and an R⁷ are taken together with the atoms to which they are         attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl or         substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl;     -   each R⁷ is independently selected from a group consisting of H,         —NR⁹R¹⁰, —OR⁹, and —C₁₋₉alkylCO₂R⁹, —C₂₋₉alkenylCO₂R⁹, and         —C₂₋₉alkynylCO₂R⁹, or independently, R⁶ and an R⁷ or         independently an R⁷ and an R⁸ are taken together with the atoms         to which they are attached to form a substituted or         unsubstituted carbocyclyl or substituted or unsubstituted         heterocyclyl;     -   each R⁸ is independently selected from a group consisting of H,         —NR⁹R¹⁰, —OR⁹, and —C₁₋₉alkylCO₂R⁹, —C₂₋₉alkenylCO₂R⁹, and         —C₂₋₉alkynylCO₂R⁹, or independently, an R⁷ and an R⁸ are taken         together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a         substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl or substituted or         unsubstituted heterocyclyl;     -   each R⁹ is independently selected from a group consisting of H,         —C₁₋₉alkyl, C₂₋₉alkenyl, —C₂₋₉alkynyl, —C₁₋₉alkylR¹¹,         —C₂₋₉alkenylR¹¹, —C₂₋₉alkynylR¹¹, substituted or unsubstituted         aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or         unsubstituted —(CH₂)₀₋₃carbocyclyl, and substituted or         unsubstituted heterocyclyl;     -   each R¹⁰ is independently selected from a group consisting of H,         —C₁₋₉alkyl, —OR⁹, —CH(═NH), substituted or unsubstituted aryl,         substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or         unsubstituted carbocyclyl, and substituted or unsubstituted         heterocyclyl; and     -   X is selected from a group consisting of H, —CO₂H and carboxylic         acid isosteres.

In some embodiments of compounds of formulas II, IIa, or IIb, n is 1.

In some embodiments of compounds of formulas II, IIa, or IIb, n is zero.

In some embodiments of compounds of formulas II, IIa, or IIb, n is 2.

Some embodiments of the compounds of formula IIIa or IIIb have the 3,7-cis-stereochemistry shown in formula IIIc and IIId:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Some embodiments of the compounds of formula IIIa or IIIb have the 3,7-trans-stereochemistry shown in formula IIIe and IIIf:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Some embodiments of the compounds of formulas IVa, IVb, or IVc have the 3,8-cis-stereochemistry shown in formula IVd, IVe, and IVf:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Some embodiments of the compounds of formulas IVa, IVb, or IVc have the 3,8-trans-stereochemistry shown in formula IVg, IVh, and IVi:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments of the compounds of formulas II, IIa, IIIa, IIIb, IIIc, IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd, IVe, IVf, IVg, IVh, and IVi, each R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are hydrogen.

In some embodiments of the compounds of formulas II, IIa, IIIa, IIIb, IIIc, IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd, IVe, IVf, IVg, IVh, and IVi, at least one R² is substituted or unsubstituted aryl.

In some embodiments of the compounds of formulas II, IIa, IIIa, IIIb, IIIc, IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd, IVe, IVf, IVg, IVh, and IVi, at least one R⁴ is substituted or unsubstituted aryl.

In some embodiments of the compounds of formulas II, IIa, IIIa, IIIb, IIIc, IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd, IVe, IVf, IVg, IVh, and IVi, at least one R² and R⁴ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted aryl.

In some embodiments of the compounds of formulas II, IIa, IIIa, IIIb, IIIc, IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd, IVe, IVf, IVg, IVh, and IVi, the bond represented by a dashed and solid line is a single bond. In other embodiments, the bond represented by a dashed and solid line is a double bond.

In some embodiments of the compounds of formulas I, II, IIa, IIIa, IIIb, IIIc, IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd, IVe, IVf, IVg, IVh, and IVi, R⁶ and each R⁷ and R⁸ is hydrogen.

In some embodiments of the compounds of formulas I, II, IIa, IIIa, IIIb, IIIc, IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd, IVe, IVf, IVg, IVh, and IVi, R¹ is —NHC(═O)C₁₋₉alkylR¹¹. In some such embodiments, R¹¹ is substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some such embodiments, R¹¹ is thien-2-yl.

In some embodiments of the compounds of formulas I, II, IIa, IIIa, IIIb, IIIc, IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd, IVe, IVf, IVg, IVh, and IVi, R¹ is —NHC(═O)C(═NOR⁹)R^(9′), wherein R^(9′) is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₉alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl and substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl.

In some embodiments of the compounds of formulas I, II, IIa, IIIa, IIIb, IIIc, IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd, IVe, IVf, IVg, IVh, and IVi, R¹ is —NHC(═O)C₁₋₉alkylR¹¹. In some such embodiments, R¹¹ is substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl.

In some embodiments of the compounds of formulas I, II, IIa, IIIa, IIIb, IIIc, IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd, IVe, IVf, IVg, IVh, and IVi, R¹ is —NHC(═O)R^(9′), wherein R^(9′) is substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl.

In some embodiments of the compounds of formulas I, II, IIa, IIIa, IIIb, IIIc, IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd, IVe, IVf, IVg, IVh, and IVi, R¹ is —NR⁹R¹⁰.

In some embodiments of the compounds of formulas I, II, IIa, IIIa, IIIb, IIIc, IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd, IVe, IVf, IVg, IVh, and IVi, R¹ is —C₁₋₉alkylR¹¹.

In some embodiments of the compounds of formulas I, II, IIa, IIIa, IIIb, IIIc, IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd, IVe, IVf, IVg, IVh, and IVi, R¹ is —CH(OH)C₁₋₉alkylR⁹.

In some embodiments of the compounds of formulas I, II, IIa, IIIa, IIIb, IIIc, IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd, IVe, IVf, IVg, IVh, and IVi, R¹ is —C(═O)C₁₋₉alkyl R⁹.

In some embodiments of the compounds of formulas I, II, IIa, IIIa, IIIb, IIIc, IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd, IVe, IVf, IVg, IVh, and IVi, R¹ is —C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰.

In some embodiments of the compounds of formulas I, II, IIa, IIIa, IIIb, IIIc, IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd, IVe, IVf, IVg, IVh, and IVi, R¹ is —N(R⁸)C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰.

In some embodiments of the compounds of formulas I, II, IIa, IIIa, IIIb, IIIc, IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd, IVe, IVf, IVg, IVh, and IVi, R¹ is —N(R⁹)C(═O)OR⁹.

In some embodiments of the compounds of formulas I, II, IIa, IIIa, IIIb, IIIc, IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd, IVe, IVf, IVg, IVh, and IVi, R¹ is —N(R⁹)C(═O)C₁₋₄alkylN(R⁹)C(═O) R⁹.

In some embodiments of the compounds of formulas I, II, IIa, IIIa, IIIb, IIIc, IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd, IVe, IVf, IVg, IVh, and IVi, R¹ is —N(R⁹)C(═NR¹⁰)R⁹.

In some embodiments of the compounds of formulas I, II, IIa, IIIa, IIIb, IIIc, IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd, IVe, IVf, IVg, IVh, and IVi, R¹ is —C(═NR¹⁰)NR⁹R¹⁰.

In some embodiments of the compounds of formulas I, II, IIa, IIIa, IIIb, IIIc, IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd, IVe, IVf, IVg, IVh, and IVi, R¹ is —N═C(R⁹)NR⁹R¹⁰.

In some embodiments of the compounds of formulas I, II, IIa, IIIa, IIIb, IIIc, IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd, IVe, IVf, IVg, IVh, and IVi, R¹ is —C(═O)C(═NR¹⁰)R⁹.

In some embodiments of the compounds of formulas I, II, IIa, IIIa, IIIb, IIIc, IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd, IVe, IVf, IVg, IVh, and IVi, R¹ is —N(R⁹)SO₂R⁹.

In some embodiments of the compounds of formulas I, II, IIa, IIIa, IIIb, IIIc, IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd, IVe, IVf, IVg, IVh, and IVi, R¹ is —N(R⁹)SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰.

In some embodiments of the compounds of formulas I, II, IIa, IIIa, IIIb, IIIc, IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd, IVe, IVf, IVg, IVh, and IVi, X is —CO₂H.

In some embodiments of the compounds of formulas I, II, IIa, IIIa, IIIb, IIIc, IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd, IVe, IVf, IVg, IVh, and IVi, X is a carboxylic acid isostere. In some such embodiments, the carboxylic acid isostere is selected from the group consisting of —P(O)(OR⁹)₂, —P(O)(R⁹)(OR⁹), —P(O)(OR^(12′))₂, —P(O)(R⁹)(OR^(12′)), —CON(R⁹)OH, —SO₃H, —SO₂N(R⁹)OH, and

wherein R^(12′) is selected from the group consisting of H, R₁₁, —C(R¹³)₂OC(O)C₁₋₉alkyl, —C(R¹³)₂OC(O)R¹¹, —C(R¹³)₂OC(O)OC₁₋₉alkyl and —C(R¹³)₂OC(O)OR¹¹.

In some embodiments of the compounds of formulas I, II, IIa, IIIa, IIIb, IIIc, IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd, IVe, IVf, IVg, IVh, and IVi, m is 1.

In some embodiments of the compounds of formulas I, II, IIa, IIIa, IIIb, IIIc, IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd, IVe, IVf, IVg, IVh, and IVi, R⁶, R⁷ and R⁸ are H.

In some embodiments of the compounds of formulas I, II, IIa, IIIa, IIIb, IIIc, IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd, IVe, IVf, IVg, IVh, and IVi, R⁷ is H; R⁸ is —C₁₋₉alkylCO₂R⁹; and R⁹ is H.

Some embodiments include a compound selected from the group consisting of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Some embodiments include compounds selected from the group consisting of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Definitions

Terms and substituents are given their ordinary meaning unless defined otherwise, and may be defined when introduced and retain their definitions throughout unless otherwise specified, and retain their definitions whether alone or as part of another group unless otherwise specified.

As used herein, “alkyl” means a branched, or straight chain saturated chemical group containing only carbon and hydrogen, such as methyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl and pentyl. In various embodiments, alkyl groups can either be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents, e.g., halogen, hydroxyl, substituted hydroxyl, acyloxy, amino, substituted amino, amido, cyano, nitro, guanidino, amidino, mercapto, substituted mercapto, carboxy, sulfonyloxy, carbonyl, benzyloxy, aryl, heteroaryl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, or other functionality that may be suitably blocked with a protecting group. Typically, alkyl groups will comprise 1 to 20 carbon atoms, 1 to 9 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 6, and more preferably 1 to 5 carbon atoms.

As used herein, “alkenyl” means a straight or branched chain chemical group containing only carbon and hydrogen and containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond, such as 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 2-methyl-1-propenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, and the like. In various embodiments, alkenyls can either be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents, e.g., halogen, hydroxyl, substituted hydroxyl, acyloxy, amino, substituted amino, amido, cyano, nitro, guanidino, amidino, mercapto, substituted mercapto, carboxy, sulfonyloxy, carbonyl, benzyloxy, aryl, heteroaryl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, or other functionality that may be suitably blocked with a protecting group. Typically, alkenyl groups will comprise 2 to 20 carbon atoms, 2 to 9 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 6, and more preferably 2 to 5 carbon atoms.

As used herein, “alkynyl” means a straight or branched chain chemical group containing only carbon and hydrogen and containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, such as 1-propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, and the like. In various embodiments, alkynyls can either be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents, e.g., halogen, hydroxyl, substituted hydroxyl, acyloxy, amino, substituted amino, amido, cyano, nitro, guanidino, amidino, mercapto, substituted mercapto, carboxy, sulfonyloxy, carbonyl, benzyloxy, aryl, heteroaryl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, or other functionality that may be suitably blocked with a protecting group. Typically, alkynyl groups will comprise 2 to 20 carbon atoms, 2 to 9 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 6, and more preferably 2 to 5 carbon atoms.

As used herein, “carbocyclyl” means a non-aromatic cyclic ring system containing only carbon atoms in the ring system backbone, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and cyclohexenyl. Carbocyclyls may include multiple fused rings. Carbocyclyls may have any degree of saturation provided that at least one ring in the ring system is not aromatic. In various embodiments, carbocyclyl groups can either be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents, e.g., halogen, alkoxy, acyloxy, amino, amido, cyano, nitro, hydroxyl, mercapto, carboxy, carbonyl, benzyloxy, aryl, heteroaryl, or other functionality that may be suitably blocked with a protecting group. Typically, carbocyclyl groups will comprise 3 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably 3 to 6.

As used herein, “cycloalkyl” means a fully saturated carbocyclyl ring system. Examples include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.

As used herein, “cycloalkenyl” means a carbocyclyl ring system having at least one double bond. An example is cyclohexenyl.

As used herein, “lower alkyl” means a subset of alkyl, and thus is a hydrocarbon substituent, which is linear, or branched. Preferred lower alkyls are of 1 to about 4 carbons, and may be branched or linear. Examples of lower alkyl include butyl, propyl, isopropyl, ethyl, and methyl. Likewise, radicals using the terminology “lower” refer to radicals preferably with 1 to about 4 carbons in the alkyl portion of the radical.

As used herein, “aryl” means an aromatic radical having a single-ring (e.g., phenyl) or multiple condensed rings (e.g., naphthyl or anthryl) with only carbon atoms present in the ring backbone. In various embodiments, aryl groups can either be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents, e.g., amino, cyano, hydroxyl, lower alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, nitro, halo, mercapto, carboxy, carbonyl, benzyloxy, aryl, heteroaryl, and other substituents. Some embodiments include substitution with an alkoxy group, which may be further substituted with one or more substituents, e.g., amino, cyano, hydroxyl, lower alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, nitro, halo, mercapto, and other substituents. A preferred aryl is phenyl.

As used herein, the term “heteroaryl” means an aromatic radical having one or more heteroatom(s) (e.g., N, O, or S) in the ring backbone and may include a single ring (e.g., pyridine) or multiple condensed rings (e.g., quinoline). In various embodiments, heteroaryl groups can either be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents, e.g., amino, cyano, hydroxyl, lower alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, nitro, halo, mercapto, carboxy, carbonyl, benzyloxy, aryl, heteroaryl, and other substituents. Examples of heteroaryl include thienyl, pyrridyl, furyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, pyrollyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, thiodiazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, thiazolyl, quinolinyl, quinazolinyl and others.

In these definitions it is contemplated that substitution on the aryl and heteroaryl rings is within the scope of certain embodiments. Where substitution occurs, the radical is called substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl. Preferably one to three and more preferably one or two substituents occur on the aryl ring. Though many substituents will be useful, preferred substituents include those commonly found in aryl compounds, such as alkyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl, mercapto and the like.

As used herein, “amide” or “amido” includes both RNR′CO— (in the case of R=alkyl, alkaminocarbonyl-) and RCONR′— (in the case of R=alkyl, alkyl carbonylamino-). “Amide” or “amido” includes a H—CON—, alkyl-CON—, carbocyclyl-CON—, aryl-CON—, heteroaryl-CON— or heterocyclyl-CON— group, wherein the alkyl, carbocyclyl, aryl or heterocyclyl group is as herein described.

As used herein, the term “ester” includes both ROCO— (in the case of R=alkyl, alkoxycarbonyl-) and RCOO— (in the case of R=alkyl, alkylcarbonyloxy-).

As used herein, “acyl” means an H—CO—, alkyl-CO—, carbocyclyl-CO—, aryl-CO—, heteroaryl-CO— or heterocyclyl-CO— group wherein the alkyl, carbocyclyl, aryl or heterocyclyl group is as herein described. Preferred acyls contain a lower alkyl. Exemplary alkyl acyl groups include formyl, acetyl, propanoyl, 2-methylpropanoyl, t-butylacetyl, butanoyl and palmitoyl.

As used herein, “halo or halide” is a chloro, bromo, fluoro or iodo atom radical. Chloro and fluoro are preferred halides. The term “halo” also contemplates terms sometimes referred to as “halogen”, or “halide”.

As used herein, “heterocyclyl” means a non-aromatic cyclic ring system comprising at least one heteroatom in the ring system backbone. Heterocyclyls may include multiple fused rings. Heterocyclyls may have any degree of saturation provided that at least one ring in the ring system is not aromatic. The heteroatom(s) may be present in either a non-aromatic or aromatic ring in the ring system. In various embodiments, heterocyclyls may be substituted or unsubstituted with one or more substituents, e.g., halogen, alkoxy, acyloxy, amino, amido, cyano, nitro, hydroxyl, mercapto, carboxy, carbonyl, benzyloxy, aryl, heteroaryl, and other substituents, and are attached to other groups via any available valence, preferably any available carbon or nitrogen. Preferred heterocycles are of 5-7 members. In six membered monocyclic heterocycles, the heteroatom(s) are selected from one up to three of O, N or S, and when the heterocycle is five membered, preferably it has one or two heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S. Examples of heterocyclyl include pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, azepanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, oxepanyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, thiepanyl, indolinyl and dihydrobenzofuranyl.

As used herein, “substituted amino” means an amino radical which is substituted by one or two alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl groups, wherein the alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl are defined as above.

As used herein, “substituted hydroxyl” means RO— group wherein R is an alkyl, an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or a heterocyclyl group, wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl are defined as above.

As used herein, “substituted thiol” means RS— group wherein R is an alkyl, an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or a heterocyclyl group, wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl are defined as above.

As used herein, “sulfonyl” means an alkylSO₂, arylSO₂, heteroarylSO₂, carbocyclylSO₂, or heterocyclyl-SO₂ group wherein the alkyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl are defined as above.

As used herein, “sulfamido” means an alkyl-N—S(O)₂N—, aryl-NS(O)₂N—, heteroaryl-NS(O)₂N—, carbocyclyl-NS(O)₂N or heterocyclyl-NS(O)₂N— group wherein the alkyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl group is as herein described.

As used herein, “sulfonamido” means an alkyl-S(O)₂N—, aryl-S(O)₂N—, heteroaryl-S(O)₂N—, carbocyclyl-S(O)₂N— or heterocyclyl-S(O)₂N— group wherein the alkyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl group is as herein described.

As used herein, “ureido” means an alkyl-NCON—, aryl-NCON—, heteroaryl-NCON—, carbocyclyl-NCON—, heterocyclyl-NCON— group or heterocyclyl-CON— group wherein the heterocyclyl group is attached by a ring nitrogen, and wherein the alkyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl group is as herein described.

As used herein, “guanidino” means an alkyl-NC(═NR′)N—, aryl-NC(═NR′)N—, heteroaryl-NC(═NR′)N—, carbocyclyl-NC(═NR′)N— or heterocyclyl-NC(═NR′)N— group wherein R′ is an H, substituted or unsubstituted hydroxyl, CN, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or a heterocyclyl group, wherein the alkyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl group is as herein described.

As used herein, a substituted group is derived from the unsubstituted parent group in which there has been an exchange of one or more hydrogen atoms for another atom or group. When substituted, the substituent group(s) is (are) substituted with one or more substituent(s) individually and independently selected from C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkenyl, C₁-C₆ alkynyl, C₃-C₇ carbocycle (optionally substituted with halo, alkyl, alkoxy, carboxyl, haloalkyl, CN, —SO₂-alkyl, —CF₃, and —OCF₃), C₁-C₆ heteroalkyl, 5-7 membered heterocyclyl (e.g., tetrahydrofuryl) (optionally substituted with halo, alkyl, alkoxy, carboxyl, CN, —SO₂— alkyl, —CF₃, and —OCF₃), aryl (optionally substituted with halo, alkyl, aryl optionally substituted with C₁-C₆ alkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, carboxyl, CN, —SO₂-alkyl, —CF₃, and —OCF₃), arylalkyl (optionally substituted with halo, alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, carboxyl, CN, —SO₂-alkyl, —CF₃, and —OCF₃), heteroaryl (optionally substituted with halo, alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, aralkyl, carboxyl, CN, —SO₂-alkyl, —CF₃, and —OCF₃), heteroarylalkyl (optionally substituted with halo, alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, carboxyl, CN, —SO₂-alkyl, —CF₃, and —OCF₃), halo (e.g., chloro, bromo, iodo and fluoro), cyano, hydroxy, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ alkoxyalkyl (i.e., ether), aryloxy, sulfhydryl (mercapto), halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl (e.g., —CF₃), C₁-C₆ alkylthio, arylthio, amino (—NH₂), mono- and di-(C₁-C₆)alkyl amino, quaternary ammonium salts, amino(C₁-C₆)alkoxy (e.g, —O(CH₂)₄NH₂), amino(C₁-C₆)alkoxyalkyl (e.g., —CH₂O(CH₂)₂NH₂), hydroxy(C₁-C₆)alkylamino, amino(C₁-C₆)alkylthio (e.g, —S(CH₂)₂NH₂), cyanoamino, nitro, carbamyl, oxo (═O), carboxy, glycolyl, glycyl, hydrazino, guanidinyl, sulfamyl, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, thiocarbonyl, thiocarboxy, C-amide, N-amide, N-carbamate, O-carbamate, and urea. Wherever a group is described as “optionally substituted” that group can be substituted with the above substituents.

In some embodiments, substituted group(s) is (are) substituted with one or more substituent(s) individually and independently selected from C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₇ carbocycle, amino (—NH₂), amino(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, carboxyl, oxo (═O), C₁-C₆ alkylthio, amino(C₁-C₆)alkylthio, guanidinyl, aryl, 5-7 membered heterocyclyl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, amino(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, and amino(C₁-C₆)alkoxyalkyl.

In some embodiments, substituted group(s) is (are) substituted with one or more substituent(s) individually and independently selected from C₁-C₆ alkyl, amino (—NH₂), amino(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, carboxyl, oxo (═O), C₁-C₆ alkylthio, amino(C₁-C₆)alkylthio, guanidinyl, hydroxy, halo, amino(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, and amino(C₁-C₆)alkoxyalkyl.

In some embodiments, substituted group(s) is (are) substituted with one or more substituent(s) individually and independently selected from C₁-C₆ alkyl, amino (—NH₂), carboxyl, oxo (═O), guanidinyl, hydroxy, and halo.

It is to be understood that certain radical naming conventions can include either a mono-radical or a di-radical, depending on the context. For example, where a substituent requires two points of attachment to the rest of the molecule, it is understood that the substituent is a di-radical. For example, a substituent identified as alkyl that requires two points of attachment includes di-radicals such as —CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂—, —CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂—, and the like. Other radical naming conventions clearly indicate that the radical is a di-radical. For example, as used herein, “alkylene” means a branched, or straight chain saturated di-radical chemical group containing only carbon and hydrogen, such as methylene, isopropylene, isobutylene, sec-butylene, and pentylene, that is attached to the rest of the molecule via two points of attachment. As used herein, “alkenylene” means a straight or branched chain di-radical chemical group containing only carbon and hydrogen and containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond, such as 1-propenylene, 2-propenylene, 2-methyl-1-propenylene, 1-butenylene, and 2-butenylene, that is attached to the rest of the molecule via two points of attachment.

As used herein, “isosteres” of a chemical group are other chemical groups that exhibit the same or similar properties. For example, tetrazole is an isostere of carboxylic acid because it mimics the properties of carboxylic acid even though they both have very different molecular formulae. Tetrazole is one of many possible isosteric replacements for carboxylic acid. Other carboxylic acid isosteres contemplated include —SO₃H, —SO₂HNR⁹, —PO₂(R⁹)₂, —PO₃(R⁹)₂, —CONHNHSO₂R⁹, —COHNSO₂R⁹, and —CONR⁹CN, where R⁹ is as defined above. In addition, carboxylic acid isosteres can include 5-7 membered carbocycles or heterocycles containing any combination of CH₂, O, S, or N in any chemically stable oxidation state, where any of the atoms of said ring structure are optionally substituted in one or more positions. The following structures are non-limiting examples of carbocyclic and heterocyclic isosteres contemplated. The atoms of said ring structure may be optionally substituted at one or more positions with R⁹ as defined above.

It is also contemplated that when chemical substituents are added to a carboxylic isostere, the compound retains the properties of a carboxylic isostere. It is contemplated that when a carboxylic isostere is optionally substituted with one or more moieties selected from R⁹ as defined above, then the substitution and substitution position is selected such that it does not eliminate the carboxylic acid isosteric properties of the compound. Similarly, it is also contemplated that the placement of one or more R⁹ substituents upon a carbocyclic or heterocyclic carboxylic acid isostere is not a substitution at one or more atom(s) that maintain(s) or is/are integral to the carboxylic acid isosteric properties of the compound, if such substituent(s) would destroy the carboxylic acid isosteric properties of the compound.

Other carboxylic acid isosteres not specifically exemplified in this specification are also contemplated.

The skilled artisan will recognize that some structures described herein may be resonance forms or tautomers of compounds that may be fairly represented by other chemical structures, even when kinetically; the artisan recognizes that such structures are only a very small portion of a sample of such compound(s). Such compounds are considered within the scope of the structures depicted, though such resonance forms or tautomers are not represented herein.

In some embodiments, due to the facile exchange of boron esters, the compounds described herein may convert to or exist in equilibrium with alternate forms. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the compounds described herein may exist in combination with one or more of these forms. For example, Compound 5 may exist in combination with one or more open-chain form (5a), dimeric form (5b), cyclic dimeric form (5c), trimeric form (5d), cyclic trimeric form (5e), and the like.

The compounds provided herein may encompass various stereochemical forms. The compounds also encompasses diastereomers as well as optical isomers, e.g. mixtures of enantiomers including racemic mixtures, as well as individual enantiomers and diastereomers, which arise as a consequence of structural asymmetry in certain compounds. Separation of the individual isomers or selective synthesis of the individual isomers is accomplished by application of various methods which are well known to practitioners in the art.

The term “agent” or “test agent” includes any substance, molecule, element, compound, entity, or a combination thereof. It includes, but is not limited to, e.g., protein, polypeptide, peptide or mimetic, small organic molecule, polysaccharide, polynucleotide, and the like. It can be a natural product, a synthetic compound, or a chemical compound, or a combination of two or more substances. Unless otherwise specified, the terms “agent”, “substance”, and “compound” are used interchangeably herein.

The term “analog” is used herein to refer to a molecule that structurally resembles a reference molecule but which has been modified in a targeted and controlled manner, by replacing a specific substituent of the reference molecule with an alternate substituent. Compared to the reference molecule, an analog would be expected, by one skilled in the art, to exhibit the same, similar, or improved utility. Synthesis and screening of analogs, to identify variants of known compounds having improved characteristics (such as higher binding affinity for a target molecule) is an approach that is well known in pharmaceutical chemistry.

The term “mammal” is used in its usual biological sense. Thus, it specifically includes humans, cattle, horses, dogs, cats, rats and mice but also includes many other species.

The term “microbial infection” refers to the invasion of the host organism, whether the organism is a vertebrate, invertebrate, fish, plant, bird, or mammal, by pathogenic microbes. This includes the excessive growth of microbes that are normally present in or on the body of a mammal or other organism. More generally, a microbial infection can be any situation in which the presence of a microbial population(s) is damaging to a host mammal. Thus, a mammal is “suffering” from a microbial infection when excessive numbers of a microbial population are present in or on a mammal's body, or when the effects of the presence of a microbial population(s) is damaging the cells or other tissue of a mammal. Specifically, this description applies to a bacterial infection. Note that the compounds of preferred embodiments are also useful in treating microbial growth or contamination of cell cultures or other media, or inanimate surfaces or objects, and nothing herein should limit the preferred embodiments only to treatment of higher organisms, except when explicitly so specified in the claims.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” or “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the like. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active ingredient, its use in the therapeutic compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active ingredients can also be incorporated into the compositions. In addition, various adjuvants such as are commonly used in the art may be included. These and other such compounds are described in the literature, e.g., in the Merck Index, Merck & Company, Rahway, N.J. Considerations for the inclusion of various components in pharmaceutical compositions are described, e.g., in Gilman et al. (Eds.) (1990); Goodman and Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th Ed., Pergamon Press.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to salts that retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the compounds of the preferred embodiments and, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable. In many cases, the compounds of the preferred embodiments are capable of forming acid and/or base salts by virtue of the presence of amino and/or carboxyl groups or groups similar thereto. Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts can be formed with inorganic acids and organic acids. Inorganic acids from which salts can be derived include, for example, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like. Organic acids from which salts can be derived include, for example, acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, and the like. Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts can be formed with inorganic and organic bases. Inorganic bases from which salts can be derived include, for example, sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminum, and the like; particularly preferred are the ammonium, potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium salts. Organic bases from which salts can be derived include, for example, primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines, basic ion exchange resins, and the like, specifically such as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, and ethanolamine. Many such salts are known in the art, as described in WO 87/05297, Johnston et al., published Sep. 11, 1987 (incorporated by reference herein in its entirety).

“Solvate” refers to the compound formed by the interaction of a solvent and an EPI, a metabolite, or salt thereof. Suitable solvates are pharmaceutically acceptable solvates including hydrates.

“Subject” as used herein, means a human or a non-human mammal, e.g., a dog, a cat, a mouse, a rat, a cow, a sheep, a pig, a goat, a non-human primate or a bird, e.g., a chicken, as well as any other vertebrate or invertebrate.

A therapeutic effect relieves, to some extent, one or more of the symptoms of the infection, and includes curing an infection. “Curing” means that the symptoms of active infection are eliminated, including the elimination of excessive members of viable microbe of those involved in the infection. However, certain long-term or permanent effects of the infection may exist even after a cure is obtained (such as extensive tissue damage).

“Treat,” “treatment,” or “treating,” as used herein refers to administering a pharmaceutical composition for prophylactic and/or therapeutic purposes. The term “prophylactic treatment” refers to treating a patient who is not yet infected, but who is susceptible to, or otherwise at risk of, a particular infection, whereby the treatment reduces the likelihood that the patient will develop an infection. The term “therapeutic treatment” refers to administering treatment to a patient already suffering from an infection.

Administration and Pharmaceutical Compositions

Some embodiments include pharmaceutical compositions comprising: (a) a safe and therapeutically effective amount of the cyclic boronic acid ester derivative, or its corresponding enantiomer, diastereoisomer or tautomer, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt; and (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The cyclic boronic acid ester derivatives are administered at a therapeutically effective dosage, e.g., a dosage sufficient to provide treatment for the disease states previously described. While human dosage levels have yet to be optimized for the compounds of the preferred embodiments, generally, a daily dose for most of the cyclic boronic acid ester derivatives described herein is from about 0.25 mg/kg to about 120 mg/kg or more of body weight, from about 0.5 mg/kg or less to about 70 mg/kg, from about 1.0 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg of body weight, or from about 1.5 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg of body weight. Thus, for administration to a 70 kg person, the dosage range would be from about 17 mg per day to about 8000 mg per day, from about 35 mg per day or less to about 7000 mg per day or more, from about 70 mg per day to about 6000 mg per day, from about 100 mg per day to about 5000 mg per day, or from about 200 mg to about 3000 mg per day. The amount of active compound administered will, of course, be dependent on the subject and disease state being treated, the severity of the affliction, the manner and schedule of administration and the judgment of the prescribing physician.

Administration of the compounds disclosed herein or the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof can be via any of the accepted modes of administration for agents that serve similar utilities including, but not limited to, orally, subcutaneously, intravenously, intranasally, topically, transdermally, intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, intrapulmonarilly, vaginally, rectally, or intraocularly. Oral and parenteral administrations are customary in treating the indications that are the subject of the preferred embodiments.

The compounds useful as described above can be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions for use in treatment of these conditions. Standard pharmaceutical formulation techniques are used, such as those disclosed in Remington's The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st Ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (2005), incorporated by reference in its entirety.

In addition to the selected compound useful as described above, come embodiments include compositions containing a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier. The term “pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier”, as used herein, means one or more compatible solid or liquid filler diluents or encapsulating substances, which are suitable for administration to a mammal. The term “compatible”, as used herein, means that the components of the composition are capable of being commingled with the subject compound, and with each other, in a manner such that there is no interaction, which would substantially reduce the pharmaceutical efficacy of the composition under ordinary use situations. Pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers must, of course, be of sufficiently high purity and sufficiently low toxicity to render them suitable for administration preferably to an animal, preferably mammal being treated.

Some examples of substances, which can serve as pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers or components thereof, are sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, and methyl cellulose; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; solid lubricants, such as stearic acid and magnesium stearate; calcium sulfate; vegetable oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and oil of theobroma; polyols such as propylene glycol, glycerine, sorbitol, mannitol, and polyethylene glycol; alginic acid; emulsifiers, such as the TWEENS; wetting agents, such sodium lauryl sulfate; coloring agents; flavoring agents; tableting agents, stabilizers; antioxidants; preservatives; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; and phosphate buffer solutions.

The choice of a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier to be used in conjunction with the subject compound is basically determined by the way the compound is to be administered.

The compositions described herein are preferably provided in unit dosage form. As used herein, a “unit dosage form” is a composition containing an amount of a compound that is suitable for administration to an animal, preferably mammal subject, in a single dose, according to good medical practice. The preparation of a single or unit dosage form however, does not imply that the dosage form is administered once per day or once per course of therapy. Such dosage forms are contemplated to be administered once, twice, thrice or more per day and may be administered as infusion over a period of time (e.g., from about 30 minutes to about 2-6 hours), or administered as a continuous infusion, and may be given more than once during a course of therapy, though a single administration is not specifically excluded. The skilled artisan will recognize that the formulation does not specifically contemplate the entire course of therapy and such decisions are left for those skilled in the art of treatment rather than formulation.

The compositions useful as described above may be in any of a variety of suitable forms for a variety of routes for administration, for example, for oral, nasal, rectal, topical (including transdermal), ocular, intracerebral, intracranial, intrathecal, intra-arterial, intravenous, intramuscular, or other parental routes of administration. The skilled artisan will appreciate that oral and nasal compositions comprise compositions that are administered by inhalation, and made using available methodologies. Depending upon the particular route of administration desired, a variety of pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers well-known in the art may be used. Pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers include, for example, solid or liquid fillers, diluents, hydrotropies, surface-active agents, and encapsulating substances. Optional pharmaceutically-active materials may be included, which do not substantially interfere with the inhibitory activity of the compound. The amount of carrier employed in conjunction with the compound is sufficient to provide a practical quantity of material for administration per unit dose of the compound. Techniques and compositions for making dosage forms useful in the methods described herein are described in the following references, all incorporated by reference herein: Modern Pharmaceutics, 4th Ed., Chapters 9 and 10 (Banker & Rhodes, editors, 2002); Lieberman et al., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Tablets (1989); and Ansel, Introduction to Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms 8th Edition (2004).

Various oral dosage forms can be used, including such solid forms as tablets, capsules, granules and bulk powders. These oral forms comprise a safe and effective amount, usually at least about 5%, with a maximum of about 90%, of the compound. Tablets can be compressed, tablet triturates, enteric-coated, sugar-coated, film-coated, or multiple-compressed, containing suitable binders, lubricants, diluents, disintegrating agents, coloring agents, flavoring agents, flow-inducing agents, and melting agents. Liquid oral dosage forms include aqueous solutions, emulsions, suspensions, solutions and/or suspensions reconstituted from non-effervescent granules, and effervescent preparations reconstituted from effervescent granules, containing suitable solvents, preservatives, emulsifying agents, suspending agents, diluents, sweeteners, melting agents, coloring agents and flavoring agents.

The pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier suitable for the preparation of unit dosage forms for peroral administration is well-known in the art. Tablets typically comprise conventional pharmaceutically-compatible adjuvants as inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, mannitol, lactose and cellulose; binders such as starch, gelatin and sucrose; disintegrants such as starch, alginic acid and croscarmelose; lubricants such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid and talc. Glidants such as silicon dioxide can be used to improve flow characteristics of the powder mixture. Coloring agents, such as the FD&C dyes, can be added for appearance. Sweeteners and flavoring agents, such as aspartame, saccharin, menthol, peppermint, and fruit flavors, are useful adjuvants for chewable tablets. Capsules typically comprise one or more solid diluents disclosed above. The selection of carrier components depends on secondary considerations like taste, cost, and shelf stability, which are not critical, and can be readily made by a person skilled in the art.

Peroral compositions also include liquid solutions, emulsions, suspensions, and the like. The pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers suitable for preparation of such compositions are well known in the art. Typical components of carriers for syrups, elixirs, emulsions and suspensions include ethanol, glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, liquid sucrose, sorbitol and water. For a suspension, typical suspending agents include methyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, AVICEL RC-591, tragacanth and sodium alginate; typical wetting agents include lecithin and polysorbate 80; and typical preservatives include methyl paraben and sodium benzoate. Peroral liquid compositions may also contain one or more components such as sweeteners, flavoring agents and colorants disclosed above.

Such compositions may also be coated by conventional methods, typically with pH or time-dependent coatings, such that the subject compound is released in the gastrointestinal tract in the vicinity of the desired topical application, or at various times to extend the desired action. Such dosage forms typically include, but are not limited to, one or more of cellulose acetate phthalate, polyvinylacetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose phthalate, ethyl cellulose, Eudragit coatings, waxes and shellac.

Compositions described herein may optionally include other drug actives.

Other compositions useful for attaining systemic delivery of the subject compounds include sublingual, buccal and nasal dosage forms. Such compositions typically comprise one or more of soluble filler substances such as sucrose, sorbitol and mannitol; and binders such as acacia, microcrystalline cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose. Glidants, lubricants, sweeteners, colorants, antioxidants and flavoring agents disclosed above may also be included.

A liquid composition, which is formulated for topical ophthalmic use, is formulated such that it can be administered topically to the eye. The comfort should be maximized as much as possible, although sometimes formulation considerations (e.g. drug stability) may necessitate less than optimal comfort. In the case that comfort cannot be maximized, the liquid should be formulated such that the liquid is tolerable to the patient for topical ophthalmic use. Additionally, an ophthalmically acceptable liquid should either be packaged for single use, or contain a preservative to prevent contamination over multiple uses.

For ophthalmic application, solutions or medicaments are often prepared using a physiological saline solution as a major vehicle. Ophthalmic solutions should preferably be maintained at a comfortable pH with an appropriate buffer system. The formulations may also contain conventional, pharmaceutically acceptable preservatives, stabilizers and surfactants.

Preservatives that may be used in the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, benzalkonium chloride, PHMB, chlorobutanol, thimerosal, phenylmercuric, acetate and phenylmercuric nitrate. A useful surfactant is, for example, Tween 80. Likewise, various useful vehicles may be used in the ophthalmic preparations disclosed herein. These vehicles include, but are not limited to, polyvinyl alcohol, povidone, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, poloxamers, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose and purified water.

Tonicity adjustors may be added as needed or convenient. They include, but are not limited to, salts, particularly sodium chloride, potassium chloride, mannitol and glycerin, or any other suitable ophthalmically acceptable tonicity adjustor.

Various buffers and means for adjusting pH may be used so long as the resulting preparation is ophthalmically acceptable. For many compositions, the pH will be between 4 and 9. Accordingly, buffers include acetate buffers, citrate buffers, phosphate buffers and borate buffers. Acids or bases may be used to adjust the pH of these formulations as needed.

In a similar vein, an ophthalmically acceptable antioxidant includes, but is not limited to, sodium metabisulfite, sodium thiosulfate, acetylcysteine, butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene.

Other excipient components, which may be included in the ophthalmic preparations, are chelating agents. A useful chelating agent is edetate disodium, although other chelating agents may also be used in place or in conjunction with it.

For topical use, creams, ointments, gels, solutions or suspensions, etc., containing the compound disclosed herein are employed. Topical formulations may generally be comprised of a pharmaceutical carrier, co-solvent, emulsifier, penetration enhancer, preservative system, and emollient.

For intravenous administration, the compounds and compositions described herein may be dissolved or dispersed in a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, such as a saline or dextrose solution. Suitable excipients may be included to achieve the desired pH, including but not limited to NaOH, sodium carbonate, sodium acetate, HCl, and citric acid. In various embodiments, the pH of the final composition ranges from 2 to 8, or preferably from 4 to 7. Antioxidant excipients may include sodium bisulfate, acetone sodium bisulfite, sodium formaldehyde, sulfoxylate, thiourea, and EDTA. Other non-limiting examples of suitable excipients found in the final intravenous composition may include sodium or potassium phosphates, citric acid, tartaric acid, gelatin, and carbohydrates such as dextrose, mannitol, and dextran. Further acceptable excipients are described in Powell, et al., Compendium of Excipients for Parenteral Formulations, PDA J Pharm Sci and Tech 1998, 52 238-311 and Nema et al., Excipients and Their Role in Approved Injectable Products: Current Usage and Future Directions, PDA J Pharm Sci and Tech 2011, 65 287-332, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Antimicrobial agents may also be included to achieve a bacteriostatic or fungistatic solution, including but not limited to phenylmercuric nitrate, thimerosal, benzethonium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, phenol, cresol, and chlorobutanol.

The resulting composition may be infused into the patient over a period of time. In various embodiments, the infusion time ranges from 5 minutes to continuous infusion, from 10 minutes to 8 hours, from 30 minutes to 4 hours, and from 1 hour to 3 hours. In one embodiment, the drug is infused over a 3 hour period. The infusion may be repeated at the desired dose interval, which may include, for example, 6 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours, or 24 hours.

The compositions for intravenous administration may be provided to caregivers in the form of one more solids that are reconstituted with a suitable diluent such as sterile water, saline or dextrose in water shortly prior to administration. Reconstituted concentrated solutions may be further diluted into a parenteral solutions having a volume of from about 25 to about 1000 ml, from about 30 ml to about 500 ml, or from about 50 ml to about 100 ml. In other embodiments, the compositions are provided in solution ready to administer parenterally. In still other embodiments, the compositions are provided in a solution that is further diluted prior to administration. In embodiments that include administering a combination of a compound described herein and another agent, the combination may be provided to caregivers as a mixture, or the caregivers may mix the two agents prior to administration, or the two agents may be administered separately.

The actual dose of the active compounds described herein depends on the specific compound, and on the condition to be treated; the selection of the appropriate dose is well within the knowledge of the skilled artisan.

Kits for Intravenous Administration

Some embodiments include a kit comprising a compound described herein and an additional agent, such as an antimicrobial agent. In one embodiment, both components are provided in a single sterile container. In the case of solids for reconstitution, the agents may be pre-blended and added to the container simultaneously or may be dry-powder filled into the container in two separate steps. In some embodiments, the solids are sterile crystalline products. In other embodiment, the solids are lyophiles. In one embodiment, both components are lyophilized together. Non-limiting examples of agents to aid in lyophilization include sodium or potassium phosphates, citric acid, tartaric acid, gelatin, and carbohydrates such as dextrose, mannitol, and dextran. One embodiment includes non-sterile solids that are irradiated either before or after introduction into the container.

In the case of a liquid, the agents may be dissolved or dispersed in a diluent ready for administration. In another embodiment, the solution or dispersion may be further diluted prior to administration. Some embodiments include providing the liquid in an IV bag. The liquid may be frozen to improve stability.

In one embodiment, the container includes other ingredients such as a pH adjuster, a solubilizing agent, or a dispersing agent. Non-limiting examples of pH adjusters include NaOH, sodium carbonate, sodium acetate, HCl, and citric acid.

The molar ratio of compound described herein to additional agent (e.g., antibacterial agent) may be from about 10:1 to 1:10, 8:1 to 1:8, 5:1 to 1:5, 3:1 to 1:3, 2:1 to 1:2, or about 1:1. In various embodiments the amount of compound described herein may be from 100 mg to 5 g, 500 mg to 2 g, or about 1 g. Similarly, in various embodiments the amount of additional agent may be from 100 mg to 5 g, 500 mg to 2 g, or about 1 g.

In an alternative embodiment, the two components may be provided in separate containers. Each container may include a solid, solution, or dispersion. In such embodiments, the two containers may be provided in a single package or may be provided separately. In one embodiment, the compound described herein is provided as a solution while the additional agent (e.g., antibacterial agent) is provided as a solid ready for reconstitution. In one such embodiment, the solution of the compound described herein is used as the diluent to reconstitute the other agent.

Methods of Treatment

Some embodiments of the present invention include methods of treating bacterial infections with the compounds and compositions comprising cyclic boronic acid ester derivatives described herein. Some methods include administering a compound, composition, pharmaceutical composition described herein to a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, a subject can be an animal, e.g., a mammal, a human. In some embodiments, the bacterial infection comprises a bacteria described herein. As will be appreciated from the foregoing, methods of treating a bacterial infection include methods for preventing bacterial infection in a subject at risk thereof.

Further embodiments include administering a combination of compounds to a subject in need thereof. A combination can include a compound, composition, pharmaceutical composition described herein with an additional medicament.

Some embodiments include co-administering a compound, composition, and/or pharmaceutical composition described herein, with an additional medicament. By “co-administration,” it is meant that the two or more agents may be found in the patient's bloodstream at the same time, regardless of when or how they are actually administered. In one embodiment, the agents are administered simultaneously. In one such embodiment, administration in combination is accomplished by combining the agents in a single dosage form. When combining the agents in a single dosage form, they may be physically mixed (e.g, by co-dissolution or dry mixing) or may form an adduct or be covalently linked such that they split into the two or more active ingredients upon administration to the patient. In another embodiment, the agents are administered sequentially. In one embodiment the agents are administered through the same route, such as orally. In another embodiment, the agents are administered through different routes, such as one being administered orally and another being administered i.v.

Examples of additional medicaments include an antibacterial agent, antifungal agent, an antiviral agent, an anti-inflammatory agent and an anti-allergic agent.

Some embodiments include co-administration of a compound, composition or pharmaceutical composition described herein with an antibacterial agent such as a β-lactam. Examples of such β-lactams include Amoxicillin, Ampicillin (e.g., Pivampicillin, Hetacillin, Bacampicillin, Metampicillin, Talampicillin), Epicillin, Carbenicillin (Carindacillin), Ticarcillin, Temocillin, Azlocillin, Piperacillin, Mezlocillin, Mecillinam (Pivmecillinam), Sulbenicillin, Benzylpenicillin (G), Clometocillin, Benzathine benzylpenicillin, Procaine benzylpenicillin, Azidocillin, Penamecillin, Phenoxymethylpenicillin (V), Propicillin, Benzathine phenoxymethylpenicillin, Pheneticillin, Cloxacillin (e.g., Dicloxacillin, Flucloxacillin), Oxacillin, Methicillin, Nafcillin, Faropenem, Biapenem, Doripenem, Ertapenem, Imipenem, Meropenem, Panipenem, Tomopenem, Razupenem, Cefazolin, Cefacetrile, Cefadroxil, Cefalexin, Cefaloglycin, Cefalonium, Cefaloridine, Cefalotin, Cefapirin, Cefatrizine, Cefazedone, Cefazaflur, Cefradine, Cefroxadine, Ceftezole, Cefaclor, Cefamandole, Cefminox, Cefonicid, Ceforanide, Cefotiam, Cefprozil, Cefbuperazone, Cefuroxime, Cefuzonam, Cefoxitin, Cefotetan, Cefmetazole, Loracarbef, Cefixime, Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone, Cefcapene, Cefdaloxime, Cefdinir, Cefditoren, Cefetamet, Cefmenoxime, Cefodizime, Cefoperazone, Cefotaxime, Cefpimizole, Cefpiramide, Cefpodoxime, Cefsulodin, Cefteram, Ceftibuten, Ceftiolene, Ceftizoxime, Flomoxef, Latamoxef, Cefepime, Cefozopran, Cefpirome, Cefquinome, Ceftobiprole, Ceftaroline, CXA-101, RWJ-54428, MC-04,546, ME1036, BAL30072, SYN 2416, Ceftiofur, Cefquinome, Cefovecin, Aztreonam, Tigemonam, Carumonam, RWJ-442831, RWJ-333441, and RWJ-333442.

Preferred embodiments include β-lactams such as Ceftazidime, Biapenem, Doripenem, Ertapenem, Imipenem, Meropenem, ME1036, Tomopenem, Razupenem, and Panipenem.

Some embodiments include co-administration of the compounds, compositions and/or pharmaceutical compositions described herein with an additional agent, wherein the additional agent comprises a monobactam. Examples of monobactams include aztreonam, tigemonam, BAL 30072, SYN 2416 (BAL19764), and carumonam.

Some embodiments include co-administration of the compounds, compositions and/or pharmaceutical compositions described herein with an additional agent, wherein the additional agent comprises a Class A, B, C, or D beta-lactamase inhibitor. An example of a class B beta lactamase inhibitor includes ME1071 (Yoshikazu Ishii et al, “In Vitro Potentiation of Carbapenems with ME1071, a Novel Metallo-β-Lactamase Inhibitor, against Metallo-β-lactamase Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clinical Isolates.” Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. doi:10.1128/AAC.01397-09 (July 2010)). Other examples of beta-lactamase inhibitors administered as an additional agent include clavulanic acid, tazobactam, sulbactam, avibactam (NXL-104), MK-7655, and BAL29880. MK-7655 has the following structure:

Indications

The compounds and compositions comprising cyclic boronic acid ester derivatives described herein can be used to treat bacterial infections. Bacterial infections that can be treated with the compounds, compositions and methods described herein can comprise a wide spectrum of bacteria. Example organisms include gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, such as Staphylococcus, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Sarcina, Escherichia, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Mycobacterium, Proteus, Campylobacter, Citrobacter, Nisseria, Baccillus, Bacteroides, Peptococcus, Clostridium, Salmonella, Shigella, Serratia, Haemophilus, Brucella and other organisms.

More examples of bacterial infections include Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas acidovorans, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Pseudomonas putida, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Burkholderia cepacia, Aeromonas hydrophilia, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella enteritidis, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Serratia marcescens, Francisella tularensis, Morganella morganii, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Providencia alcalifaciens, Providencia rettgeri, Providencia stuartii, Acinetobacter baumannii, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Acinetobacter haemolyticus, Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pestis, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Yersinia intermedia, Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella parapertussis, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Haemophilus haemolyticus, Haemophilus parahaemolyticus, Haemophilus ducreyi, Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella haemolytica, Branhamella catarrhalis, Helicobacter pylori, Campylobacter fetus, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Borrelia burgdorferi, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Legionella pneumophila, Listeria monocytogenes, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Kingella, Moraxella, Gardnerella vaginalis, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides 3452A homology group, Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacteroides ovalus, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides splanchnicus, Clostridium difficile, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium leprae, Corynebacterium diphtherias, Corynebacterium ulcerans, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. hyicus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus hominis, or Staphylococcus saccharolyticus.

The following examples will further describe the present invention, and are used for the purposes of illustration only, and should not be considered as limiting.

EXAMPLES General Procedures

Materials used in preparing the cyclic boronic acid ester derivatives described herein may be made by known methods or are commercially available. It will be apparent to the skilled artisan that methods for preparing precursors and functionality related to the compounds claimed herein are generally described in the literature including, for example, procedures described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,271,186 and WO2009064414, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. In these reactions, it is also possible to make use of variants which are themselves known to those of ordinary skill in this art, but are not mentioned in greater detail. The skilled artisan given the literature and this disclosure is well equipped to prepare any of the compounds.

It is recognized that the skilled artisan in the art of organic chemistry can readily carry out manipulations without further direction, that is, it is well within the scope and practice of the skilled artisan to carry out these manipulations. These include reduction of carbonyl compounds to their corresponding alcohols, oxidations, acylations, aromatic substitutions, both electrophilic and nucleophilic, etherifications, esterification and saponification and the like. These manipulations are discussed in standard texts such as March Advanced Organic Chemistry (Wiley), Carey and Sundberg, Advanced Organic Chemistry (incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) and the like.

The skilled artisan will readily appreciate that certain reactions are best carried out when other functionality is masked or protected in the molecule, thus avoiding any undesirable side reactions and/or increasing the yield of the reaction. Often the skilled artisan utilizes protecting groups to accomplish such increased yields or to avoid the undesired reactions. These reactions are found in the literature and are also well within the scope of the skilled artisan. Examples of many of these manipulations can be found for example in T. Greene and P. Wuts Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, 4th Ed., John Wiley & Sons (2007), incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The following example schemes are provided for the guidance of the reader, and represent preferred methods for making the compounds exemplified herein. These methods are not limiting, and it will be apparent that other routes may be employed to prepare these compounds. Such methods specifically include solid phase based chemistries, including combinatorial chemistry. The skilled artisan is thoroughly equipped to prepare these compounds by those methods given the literature and this disclosure. The compound numberings used in the synthetic schemes depicted below are meant for those specific schemes only, and should not be construed as or confused with same numberings in other sections of the application.

Trademarks used herein are examples only and reflect illustrative materials used at the time of the invention. The skilled artisan will recognize that variations in lot, manufacturing processes, and the like, are expected. Hence the examples, and the trademarks used in them are non-limiting, and they are not intended to be limiting, but are merely an illustration of how a skilled artisan may choose to perform one or more of the embodiments of the invention.

(¹H) nuclear magnetic resonance spectra (NMR) were measured in the indicated solvents on either a Bruker NMR spectrometer (Avance TM DRX500, 500 MHz for 1H) or Varian NMR spectrometer (Mercury 400BB, 400 MHz for 1H). Peak positions are expressed in parts per million (ppm) downfield from tetramethylsilane. The peak multiplicities are denoted as follows, s, singlet; d, doublet; t, triplet; q, quartet; quin, quintet; sex, sextet; sep, septet; non, nonet; dd, doublet of doublets; td, triplet of doublets; m, multiplet.

The following abbreviations have the indicated meanings:

-   -   n-BuLi=n-butyllithium     -   t-Bu=tert-butyl     -   DCM=dichloromethane     -   DMF=N,N-dimethylformamide     -   DIPEA=diisopropylethylamine     -   EDCI=1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide     -   ESBL=extended-spectrum β-lactamase     -   ESIMS=electron spray mass spectrometry     -   EtOAc=ethyl acetate     -   EtOH=ethanol     -   HATU=2-(7-aza-1H-benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium         hexafluorophosphate     -   HCl=hydrochloric acid     -   HOBt=hydroxybenzotriazole     -   Im=imidazole     -   LiHMDS=lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide     -   MeCN=acetonitrile     -   NaHCO₃=sodium bicarbonate     -   Na₂SO₄=sodium sulfate     -   NMM=N-methylmorpholine     -   NMR=nuclear magnetic resonance     -   Pd/C=palladium on carbon     -   TBDMSCl=tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride     -   TBS=tert-butyldimethylsilyl     -   TFA=trifluoroacetic acid     -   THF=tetrahydrofuran     -   TLC=thin layer chromatography     -   TMS=trimethylsilyl     -   TPPB=tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane monohydrate

The following example schemes are provided for the guidance of the reader, and collectively represent an example method for making the compounds provided herein. Furthermore, other methods for preparing compounds described herein will be readily apparent to the person of ordinary skill in the art in light of the following reaction schemes and examples. Unless otherwise indicated, all variables are as defined above.

Compounds of formula I where R¹ is an acylamino group and X is a carboxylic acid can be prepared as depicted in Scheme 1.

The addition of enolates to substituted α,β-unsaturated ketones or aldehydes to form β-hydroxy esters is a well-known reaction (Scheme 1). Substituents R⁷ and R⁸ of formula I may be controlled by use of the appropriate α-mono or di-substituted ester III. Similarly, substituents R², R³, and R⁴ may be controlled by use of the appropriate substituted substituted α,β-unsaturated ketones or aldehydes analog II. Precursors of structure IV, where R⁶ and R⁷ or R⁸ are combined together, may be made following the known procedures [J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1982), 104, 1735-7, Tetrahedron Lett. (2003), 44, 1259-62]. The β-hydroxy ester of structure IV is protected with an acid-sensitive protecting group, affording V; this selection allows simultaneous deprotection of the boronate ester and hydroxyl protecting group in the final step, resulting in a cyclized product. The pinacol boronate VII is formed from substituted V using iridium catalysis [Tetrahedron (2004), 60, 10695-700]. Trans-esterification was readily achieved with optically active pinane diol VIII to result in IX [Tetrahedron: Asymmetry, (1997), 8, 1435-40]. Transesterification may also be achieved from the catechol ester analog of VII. Such catechol esters can be made by reaction of V with commercially available catechol borane [Tetrahedron (1989), 45, 1859-85]. Homologation of IX to give chloromethylene addition product X with good stereocontrol may be achieved via Matteson reaction conditions (WO0946098). The chloro derivative X can be utilized to introduce a substituted amine group at the C3-position of the oxaborinane-2-ol. Stereospecific substitution with hexamethyldisilazane gives the corresponding bis(trimethylsilyl) amide XI which may be reacted in situ with an acid chloride to result directly in analogs of structure XII. Such analogs of XII can also be made via coupling of the bis-TMS amine with commercially available carboxylic acids under typical amide coupling conditions (e.g., carbodiimide or HATU coupling). Compounds of Formula 1 where R¹ is substituted with —N(R⁹)C(═O)C(═NOR⁹)R⁹ may be synthesized from corresponding carboxylic acids via coupling of XI to XII as in scheme 1. Such carboxylic acids can be made by following the procedures described U.S. Pat. No. 5,888,998, U.S. Application Publication No. 2004/0019203, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,822,786, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Simultaneous deprotection of the pinane ester, the tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy group and the tert-butyl ester group and concomitant cyclization are achieved by heating with dilute HCl, affording the desired oxaborinane derivatives of structure XIII. This transformation may also be achieved by treatment with BCl₃ or BBr₃. Alternatively, the deprotection may be attained via trans-esterification with isobutyl boronic acid in presence of dilute HCl (WO09064413).

Compounds of structure XVI where R¹ of Formula I is an alkyl, aralkyl or aminoaryl group may be made from bromo intermediate XIV as shown in Scheme 2 [J. Organomet. Chem. (1992), 431, 255-70]. Such bromo derivatives may be made as analogously to the chloro compounds of Scheme 1, utilizing dibromomethane [J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1990), 112, 3964-969]. Displacement of the bromo group in XIV can be achieved by α-alkoxy substituted alkyllithium agents [J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1989), 111, 4399-402; J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1988), 110, 842-53] or organomagnesium reagents (WO0946098) or by the sodium salt of alkyl or aryl carbamate derivatives [J. Org. Chem. (1996), 61, 7951-54], resulting in XV. Cyclization of XV to afford XVI may be achieved under the conditions described in Scheme 1.

Compounds of formula XIII and XVI are mixtures of 3,6-cis- and 3,6-trans-isomers. These analogs can be made in enantiomerically pure form as single isomers by starting (as in Scheme 1) with a single enantiomer (XVII), as shown in Scheme 3. A variety of methods to prepare such enantiomerically pure β-hydroxy esters are known in literature, for example via resolution [Org. Lett., (2008), 10, 3907-09] or stereoselective synthesis [Tetrahedron, (2000), 56, 917-47]. Such single isomers result in enantiomerically pure cis-compounds XIII or XVI when used in the sequences depicted in Schemes 1 and 2.

The sequence shown in Scheme 1 also allows for varied ring sizes in formula I such as 7- and 8-membered rings. For example, a seven-membered analog XX where n=1 can be achieved by using the corresponding allyl intermediate (XIX) as a starting material (Scheme 4). Such allyl derivatives as XIX can be made utilizing one of several well known β-hydroxy ester preparations [Tetrahedron (2007), 63, 8336-50]. Intermediate XIX where n=2 can be prepared as described in Scheme 1 to give corresponding 8-membered compound of structure XX starting from pent-4-ene-1-al [J. Med. Chem. (1998), 41(6), 965-972].

Compounds of formula XXVI and XXVII can be made following the sequence depicted in Scheme 5. Ring-Closing Metathesis reaction with boronated olefins (XXI) and olefin substituted β-hydroxy esters (XXII) result in cyclic boronates of formula XXIII. Such cyclic boronates (XXIII) undergo ready esterification with (+)-pinane diol to give required Matteson reaction precursors upon protection of the resulting alcohol with groups such as t-butyldimethylsilyl- or benzyl or trityl. Matteson homologation followed by amide formation result in compounds of formula XXV with high stereoselectivity, as described above. Acid mediated hydrolysis of compounds of XXV upon deprotection give cyclic boronate (XXVI). Double bond substitution of XXVI can be further modified to other analogs such as saturated cyclic boronate (XXVII) by catalytic hydrogenation. The above sequence can be utilized to make 7- or 8-membered rings with double bond at a desired position by varying p and q of XXI and XXII.

Compounds of formula I where R² and R⁴ taken together form an aryl ring can be made from commercially available substituted aryl precursors as XXVIII. Substitution of the bromine atom by a boronate ester may be done under palladium catalyzed conditions [Tetrahedron (2002), 58, 9633-95]. The steps of hydroxy ester formation, α-amidoboronate preparation and cyclization can be attained by synthetic steps analogous to those in Scheme 1 to give compounds XXIX.

Compounds of formula I where R⁷ and R⁸ are substituted as maleate (XXXV) or succinate (XXXVI) may be made following the sequence shown in Scheme 7. Maleate intermediates such as XXXII can be transformed to analogs XXXV analogously to the steps in Scheme 1. Analogs of XXXV can be further transformed to the corresponding succinic acids of structure XXXVI by catalytic hydrogenation. Maleate intermediate XXXII may be assembled from intermediate XXXI by successive deprotection of the TBS group, oxidation to the aldehyde, addition of vinyl Grignard and reprotection as a TBS ether. Intermediate XXXI may be formed from a protected propargylic alcohol XXX following methods known in the literature [Tetrahedron, (2002), 58, 6545-54].

Compounds of Formula I where X is a carboxylic acid isostere can be prepared following the protocols described in the literature (see J. Med. Chem. 2011, 54, 2529-2591, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).

ILLUSTRATIVE COMPOUND EXAMPLES

Synthesis of 2-((3R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-(thiophen-2-yl)acetamido)-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid. An example synthesis of 1 is depicted in Scheme 8 and Example 1.

Example 1 Step 1

A round-bottom flask charged with [Ir(cod)Cl]₂ (350 mg, 0.52 mmol) and 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphanyl)butane (446 mg, 1.04 mmol) was flushed with argon. DCM (60 mL), pinacolborane (3 mL, 21 mmol) and tert-butyl-3-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)pent-4-enoate XXXVII [J. Org. Chem., (1994), 59(17), 4760-4764] (5 g, 17.48 mmol) in 5 mL of DCM were added successively at room temperature. The mixture was then stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The reaction was quenched with MeOH (3 mL) and water (10 mL), the product was extracted with ether, and dried. Chromatography on silica gel (100% DCM→50% EtOAc/DCM gave tert-butyl 3-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pentanoate XXXVIII (5.5 g, 13.2 mmol, 75.5%yield).

Step 2

To a solution of tert-butyl 3-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pentanoate XXXVIII (5.4 g, 13 mmol) in THF (25 mL) was added (1S,2S,3R,5S)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptane-2,3-diol (2.4 g, 14.3 mol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 16 h and then was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by column chromatography (100% hexane→40% EtOAc/hexane) on silica gel to give 1-(tert-butoxy)-3-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-1-oxo-6-[(2S,6R)-2,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-boratricyclo [6.1.1.02,6]decan-4-yl]hexan-3-yl XXXIX (5.5 g, 11 mmol, 84.6% yield).

Step 3

To a solution of DCM (1.5 mL, 23.6 mmol) in THF (30 mL) at −100° C. was added 2.5 M n-butyl lithium in hexane (5.19 mL, 12.98 mmol) slowly under nitrogen and down the inside wall of the flask whilst maintaining the temperature below −90° C. The resulting white precipitate was stirred for 30 minutes before the addition of 1-(tert-butoxy)-3-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-1-oxo-6-[(2S,6R)-2,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-boratricyclo [6.1.1.02,6]decan-4-yl]hexan-3-yl XXXIX (5.5 g, 11 mmol) in THF (10 mL) at −90° C. Zinc chloride (23.6 mL, 0.5 M in diethyl ether, 11.86 mmol) was then added to the reaction mixture at −90° C. and then the reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature where it was stirred for 16 h. The reaction was quenched with a saturated solution of ammonium chloride and the phases were separated. The aqueous phase was then extracted with diethyl ether (3×50 mL) and the combined organic extracts were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The concentrated material was then chromatographed (100% hexane→50% EtOAc/hexane) to obtain 6-(tert-butoxy)-4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-1-chloro-6-oxo-1-[(2S,6R)-2,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-boratricyclo[6.1.1. 02,6]decan-4-yl]hexyl XL (5.6 g, 10.5 mmol, 95.4% yield).

Step 4-5

Chloro intermediate XL (1.2 g, 2.33 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was cooled to −78° C. under nitrogen. A solution of LiHMDS (2.33 mL, 1.0 M in THF, 2.33 mmol) was added slowly and the reaction flask was then allowed to warm to room temperature where it was stirred for 16 h. Method A: The resulting was cooled to −78° C. and 5-thiopheneacetyl chloride was added and the solution stirred at −78° C. for 1.5 h. Then, the cooling bath was removed and the solution stirred at ambient temperature for 1.5 h. The reaction was quenched with water and extracted twice with EtOAc. The organic layers were combined, washed with water, brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo to afford a pale yellow solid as crude product. The residue was chromatographed on a silica column (100% DCM→40% EtOAc/DCM) to afford 570 mg of 6-(tert-butoxy)-4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-6-oxo-1-(thiophen-2-ylacetamido)-1-[(2S,6R)-2,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-boratricyclo[6.1.1.02,6]decan-4-yl]hexylidyne XLII as a white solid (570 mg, 0.92 mmol, 39.5% yield).

Step 6

Method D: To a solution of amide XLII (250 mg, 0.40 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (10 mL) was added 10 mL of 3 N HCl. The mixture was heated to 110° C. for 90 min. The solution was cooled and diluted with 10 mL of water and extracted twice with 10 mL of diethyl ether. The aqueous layer was concentrated to afford a sticky residue as crude product. The residue was rinsed with 5 mL of water, dissolved in 10% MeCN-water and lyophilized to afford 2-((3R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-(thiophen-2-yl)acetamido)-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 1 as white powder (100 mg, 0.337 mmol, 84.1% yield). ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 0.94-1.35 (m, 1H), 1.35-1.54 (m, 1H), 1.54-1.68 (m, 1H), 1.68-2.00 (m, 1H), 2.20-2.67 (m, 3H), 3.93 (s, 1H), 3.98 (s, 1H), 4.02-4.23 (m, 2H), 6.98-7.05 (m, 2H), 7.32-7.36 (m, 1H); ESIMS found for C₁₂H₁₆BNO₅S m/z 280 (100%) (M−H₂O)+.

Alternative procedures for Steps 5 and 6 are shown in Scheme 9.

Step5, Method B

To a solution of the acid (0.36 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) at 0° C. under nitrogen was added EDCI (86 mg, 0.45 mmol) and HOBT (48 mg, 0.36 mmol). After stirring at 0° C. for 30 minutes, a solution of the bis-silyl amide intermediate XLI (0.3 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) followed by N-methyl-morpholine (65 μL, 0.6 mmol) were sequentially added at 0° C. The reaction flask was then allowed to warm to room temperature. After stirring at room temperature overnight, the reaction mixture was washed with water, then brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by column chromatography to produce intermediate XLIII.

Step5, Method C

A solution of bis-silyl amide XLI (0.5 mmol) and acid in dry DCM (10 mL) were cooled to 0° C. Then DIPEA (1.5 mmol) was added drop wise followed HATU (0.75 mmol). The mixture was then allowed to warm to room temperature. After TLC has indicated complete conversion (˜3 h) of the starting materials, the reaction was diluted with additional DCM (20 mL). The reaction mixture was washed with water (3×5 mL), brine (10 mL), and dried over Na₂SO₄. After removal of the solvent, the residue was subjected to flash column chromatography to produce intermediate XLIII.

Step 6, Method E

To a solution of amide (XLIII) (0.1 mmol) in dichloroethane (2 mL) at 0° C. was treated with pre-cooled 90% aq. TFA (4 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 3 hrs. The reaction mixture was evaporated in vacuo, azeotroped with MeCN (3×5 mL) and the residue was triturated with ether (5 mL). The product separated was filtered, dissolved in dioxane-water mixture and freeze dried to give the final product XLIV as a fluffy solid.

The following compounds are prepared in accordance with the procedure described in the above Example 1 using methods A and D.

2-((3R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-phenylacetamido)-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 2. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 0.82-1.33 (m, 1H), 1.33-1.51 (m, 1H), 1.51-1.68 (m, 1H), 1.69-2.00 (m, 1H), 2.14-2.34 (m, 1H), 2.34-2.69 (m, 2H), 3.74-3.76 (m, 2H), 3.98-4.20 (m, 1H), 7.22-7.41 (m, 5H); ESIMS found for C14H18BNO5 m/z 274 (100%) (M−H₂O)⁺.

2-((3R)-3-acetamido-2-hydroxy-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 3. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 1.07-1.36 (m, 1H), 1.36-1.59 (m, 1H), 1.59-1.73 (m, 1H), 1.73-2.09 (m, 1H), 2.15-2.16 (d, 3H), 2.35-2.69 (m, 3H), 4.01-4.23 (m, 1H); ESIMS found for C₈H₁₄BNO₅m/z 198 (100%) (M−H₂O)⁺.

2-((3R)-3-(cyclopropanecarboxamido)-2-hydroxy-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 4. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 0.98-1.32 (m, 5H), 1.32-1.67 (m, 2H), 1.67-2.06 (m, 2H), 2.27-2.66 (m, 3H), 3.98-4.16 (m, 1H); ESIMS found for C₁₀H₁₆BNO₅ m/z 224 (100%) (M−H₂O)⁺.

The following compounds are prepared starting from enantiomerically pure (R)-tert-butyl 3-hydroxypent-4-enoate (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 4175-4177) in accordance with the procedure described in the above Example 1.

2-((3R,6S)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-(thiophen-2-yl)acetamido)-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 5. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 0.97-1.11 (q, 1H), 1.47-1.69 (m, 2H), 1.69-1.80 (m, 1H), 2.21-2.33 (td, 1H), 2.33-2.41 (dd, 1H), 2.58-2.67 (m, 1H), 3.97 (s, 2H), 4.06-4.14 (m, 1H), 6.97-7.04 (m, 1H), 7.04-7.08 (m, 1H), 7.34-7.38 (dd, 1H); ESIMS found for C₁₂H₁₆BNO₅S m/z 280 (100%) (M−H₂O)⁺.

2-((3R,6S)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-phenylacetamido)-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 6. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 0.86-1.02 (m, 1H), 1.44-1.53 (dd, 1H), 1.53-1.66 (td, 1H), 1.68-1.78 (m, 1H), 2.17-2.26 (dd, 1H), 2.26-2.36 (dd, 2H), 3.75 (s, 2H), 4.02-4.12 (m, 1H), 7.22-7.40 (m, 5H); ESIMS found for C₁₄H₁₈BNO₅m/z 274 (100%) (M−H₂O)⁺.

The following compounds are prepared in accordance with the procedure described in the above Example 1 starting from enantiomerically pure (R)-tert-butyl 3-hydroxypent-4-enoate (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 4175-4177) using methods B and D.

2-((3R,6S)-3-((S)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido)-2-hydroxy-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 33 was isolated as the HCl salt. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 1.24-1.27 (m, 1H), 1.51-1.72 (m, 3H), 2.45-2.50 (dd, J=5 Hz, J=5 Hz, 1H), 2.55-2.63 (dd, J=2 Hz, J=3 Hz, 1H), 3.66-3.71 (m, 1H), 4.38-4.53 (m, 1H), 4.99-5.09 (d, 1H), 7.48-7.56 (m, 5H); ESIMS found for C₁₄H₁₉BN₂O₅ m/z 289 (M−H₂O)⁺.

2-((3R,6S)-3-(3-aminopropanamido)-2-hydroxy-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 34 was isolated as the HCl salt. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 1.24-1.29 (td, J=13 Hz. J=3 Hz, 1H), 1.55-1.62 (td, J=14 Hz, J=4 Hz, 1H), 1.68-1.72 (m, 1H), 1.79-1.82 (m, 1H), 2.43-2.47 (dd, J=6 Hz, J=6 Hz, 2H), 2.70-2.74 (m, 2H), 2.83-2.86 (t, J=7 Hz, 2H), 3.26-3.29 (t, J=7 Hz, 1H), 4.10-4.16 (m, 1H); ESIMS found for C₉H₁₇BN₂O₅m/z 227 (M−H₂O)⁺.

(S)-2-amino-5-((3R,6S)-6-(carboxymethyl)-2-hydroxy-1,2-oxaborinan-3-ylamino)-5-oxopentanoic acid 35 was isolated as the HCl salt. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 1.50-1.66 (m, 2H), 1.66-1.84 (m, 2H), 2.10-2.20 (sex, J=8 Hz 1H), 2.20-2.29 (m, 1H), 2.40-2.47 (m, 2H), 2.55-2.59 (q, J=7 Hz 1H), 2.69-2.75 (m, 1H), 2.94-2.98 (td, J=9 Hz, J=2 Hz 1H), 3.99-4.12 (m, 2H); ESIMS found for C₁₁H₁₉BN₂O₇m/z 302.8 (M+H).

2-((3R,6S)-3-(2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanamido)-2-hydroxy-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 41 was isolated as the HCl salt. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 1.45-1.65 (m, 1H), 1.65-1.75 (m, 1H), 1.75-1.86 (m, 1H), 1.86-2.05 (m, 1H), 2.09-2.20 (m, 4H), 2.46-2.73 (m, 6H), 2.84-2.86 (t, J=6 Hz, 1H), 3.99-4.02 (t, J=7 Hz, 1H), 4.38-4.46 (m, 1H); ESIMS found for C₁₁H₂₁BN₂O₅S m/z 287 (M−H₂O)⁺.

2-((3R,6S)-3-(2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)acetamido)-2-hydroxy-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 66 was isolated as the HCl salt. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 0.98-1.07 (q, J=13 Hz, 1H), 1.55-1.68 (m, 2H), 1.73-1.79 (dd, J=6 Hz, J=3 Hz, 1H), 2.22-2.26 (dd, J=15 Hz, J=6 Hz, 1H), 2.33-2.38 (dd, J=13 Hz, J=7 Hz, 1H), 2.62-2.63 (m, 1H), 3.78 (s, 2H), 4.05-4.12 (m, 1H), 6.88-5.93 (tt, J=5 Hz, J=2 Hz, 1H), 6.97-7.01 (dd, J=5 Hz, J=2 Hz, 2H); ESIMS found for C₁₄H₁₆BF₂NO₅ m/z 310.1 (M−H₂O)⁺.

The following compounds are prepared in accordance with the procedure described in the above Example 1 starting from enantiomerically pure (R)-tert-butyl 3-hydroxypent-4-enoate (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 4175-4177) using methods A and E.

2-((3R,6S)-3-benzamido-2-hydroxy-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 37. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 1.10-1.19 (q, J=11 Hz, 1H), 1.60-1.65 (dd, J=14 Hz, J=3 Hz, 1H), 1.71-1.80 (td, J=9 Hz, J=3 Hz, 1H), 1.91-1.96 (d, J=14 Hz, 1H), 2.32-2.38 (dd, J=15 Hz, J=6 Hz, 1H), 2.44-2.49 (dd, J=15 Hz, J=7 Hz, 1H), 2.82-2.84 (d, J=4 Hz, 1H), 4.10-4.17 (m, 1H), 7.57-7.60 (t, J=8 Hz, 2H), 7.70-7.73 (t, J=8 Hz, 1H), 8.00-8.02 (d, J=8 Hz 2H); ESIMS found for C₁₃H₁₆BNO₅ m/z 260 (M−H₂O)⁺.

The following compounds are prepared in accordance with the procedure described in the above Example 1 starting from enantiomerically pure (R)-tert-butyl 3-hydroxypent-4-enoate (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 4175-4177) using methods B and E.

2-((Z)-1-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-((3R,6S)-6-(carboxymethyl)-2-hydroxy-1,2-oxaborinan-3-ylamino)-2-oxoethylideneaminooxy)-2-methylpropanoic acid 36 was isolated as the TFA salt. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 1.60 (s, 3H), 1.61 (s, 3H), 1.62-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.77-1.82 (m, 1H), 1.86-1.91 (m, 1H), 2.55-2.58 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H), 2.90-2.94 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H), 4.37-4.42 (m, 1H), 7.11 (s, 1H); ESIMS found for C₁₅H₂₁BN₄O₈S m/z 411 (M−H₂O)⁺.

2-((3R,6S)-2-hydroxy-3-(3-phenylpropanamido)-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 38. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 0.78-0.87 (q, J=13 Hz, 1H), 1.40-1.46 (dd, J=10 Hz, J=3 Hz, 1H), 1.54-1.62 (dt, J=8 Hz, J=4 Hz, 1H), 1.63-1.70 (d, J=13 Hz, 1H), 2.24-2.29 (dd, J=15 Hz, J=6 Hz, 1H), 2.36-2.40 (dd, J=8 Hz, J=3 Hz, 1H), 2.53-2.56 (d, J=3.2 Hz, 1H), 2.74-2.78 (t, J=7 Hz, 2H), 2.98-3.01 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H), 3.90-4.03 (m, 1H), 7.18-7.23 (m, 1H), 7.25-7.33 (m, 4H); ESIMS found for C₁₅H₂₀BNO₅ m/z 288 (M−H₂O)⁺.

2-((3R,6S)-3-(2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)acetamido)-2-hydroxy-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 39 was isolated as the TFA salt. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 1.25-1.36 (m, 1H), 1.63-1.76 (m, 3H), 2.40-2.43 (d, J=6 Hz 2H), 2.68-2.70 (m, 1H), 3.72 (s, 2H), 4.17-4.21 (m, 1H), 6.69 (s, 1H); ESIMS found for C₁₁H₁₆BN₃O₅S m/z 296.1 (M−H₂O)⁺.

2-((3R,6S)-3-((Z)-2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido)-2-hydroxy-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 40 was isolated as the TFA salt. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 1.56-1.67 (m, 2H), 1.76-1.81 (m, 1H), 1.86-1.90 (m, 1H), 2.50-2.54 (dd, J=17 Hz, J=6 Hz, 1H), 2.59-2.64 (dd, J=16 Hz, J=7 Hz, 1H), 2.86-2.90 (t, J=7 Hz, 1H), 4.22 (s, 3H), 4.34-4.37 (m, 1H), 7.86 (s, 1H); ESIMS found for C₁₂H₁₇BN₄O₆S m/z 339.1 (M−H₂O)⁺.

2-((3R,6S)-3-(2-amino-3-(pyridin-3-yl)propanamido)-2-hydroxy-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 42 was isolated as the TFA salt. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD/CF₃O₂D) δ ppm 1.43-1.56 (m, 2H), 1.72-1.83 (m, 2H), 2.37-2.42 (m, 1H), 2.53-2.57 (t, J=6 Hz, 1H), 2.89-2.93 (t, J=7 Hz, 1H), 3.37-3.43 (m, 2H), 4.17-4.21 (t, J=7 Hz, 1H), 4.41-4.46 (m, 1H), 8.06-8.10 (dd, J=6 Hz, J=3 Hz, 1H), 8.53-8.57 (t, J=17 Hz, 1H), 8.80-8.81 (brd, J=4 Hz, 1H), 8.84-8.87 (brd, J=6 Hz, 1H); ESIMS found for C₁₄H₂₀BN₃O=m/z 304.2 (M−H₂O)⁺.

2-((3R,6S)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-(pyridin-3-yl)acetamido)-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 43 was isolated as the TFA salt. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 1.15-1.20 (m, 1H), 1.59-1.63 (m, 1H), 1.68-1.74 (m, 2H), 2.29-2.34 (dd, J=15 Hz, J=6 Hz, 2H), 2.66-2.68 (m, 1H), 3.94 (s, 2H), 4.11-4.18 (m, 1H), 7.82-7.85 (dd, J=8 Hz, J=6 Hz, 1H), 8.30-8.32 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 8.68-8.70 (brd, J=5 Hz, 1H), 8.72-8.75 (brs, 1H); ESIMS found for C₁₃H₁₇BN₂O5 m/z 275 (M−H₂O)⁺.

2-((3R,6S)-2-hydroxy-3-((S)-piperidine-2-carboxamido)-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 45 was isolated as the TFA salt. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 1.44-1.51 (m, 1H), 1.54-1.80 (m, 5H), 1.80-1.91 (m, 2H), 1.91-1.98 (brd, J=12 Hz, 1H), 2.16-2.21 (dd, J=13 Hz, J=2 Hz, 1H), 2.49-2.57 (non, J=7 Hz, 2H), 2.75-2.78 (t, J=6 Hz, 1H), 2.98-3.03 (dt, J=13 Hz, J=3 Hz, 1H), 3.36-3.39 (d, J=13 Hz, 1H), 3.79-3.82 (dd, J=12 Hz, J=4 Hz, 1H), 4.34-4.38 (m, 1H); ESIMS found for C₁₂H₂₁BN₂O₅ m/z 267 (M−H₂O)⁺.

2-((3R,6S)-2-hydroxy-3-((R)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxamido)-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 46 was isolated as the TFA salt. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 1.43-1.51 (m, 1H), 1.56-1.63 (m, 1H), 1.75-1.83 (m, 1H), 1.86-1.94 (m, 1H), 2.46-2.57 (dq, J=16 Hz, J=6 Hz, 2H), 2.82-2.86 (t, J=7 Hz, 1H), 3.18-3.24 (dd, J=17 Hz, J=12 Hz, 1H), 3.36-3.41 (dd, J=17 Hz, J=5 Hz, 1H), 4.21-4.24 (dd, J=18 Hz, J=13 Hz, 1H), 4.36-4.40 (m, 1H), 4.42 (s, 2H), 7.23-7.25 (m, 1H), 7.27-7.33 (m, 3H); ESIMS found for C₁₆H₂₁BN₂O₅ m/z 315 (M−H₂O)⁺.

Following method E while the compound is still in 90% aq. trifluoroacetic acid (10 mL), 10% Pd/C (50 mg) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred under hydrogen for 6 h, filtered through Celite and rinsed with dichloroethane (10 mL). The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum and azeotroped with dichloroethane (2×10 mL). Triturating with ether resulted in a precipitate which was filtered and washed with ether (5 mL) and dried to give 2-((3R,6S)-3-((R)-2-amino-5-guanidinopentanamido)-2-hydroxy-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 47 as the TFA salt (50 mg) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 1.39-1.46 (m, 1H), 1.52-1.58 (m, 1H), 1.66-1.77 (m, 2H), 1.77-1.84 (m, 1H), 1.87-1.95 (m, 3H), 2.34-2.38 (dd, J=17 Hz, J=3 Hz, 1H), 2.63-2.68 (dd, J=17 Hz, J=7 Hz, 1H), 2.94-2.97 (dd, J=10 Hz, J=6 Hz, 1H), 3.20-3.24 (dt, J=7 Hz, J=2 Hz, 2H), 3.86-3.88 (t, J=6 Hz, 1H), 4.27-4.31 (m, 1H); ESIMS found for C₁₂H₂₄BN₅O₅ m/z 312.2 (M−H₂O)⁺.

2-((3R,6S)-3-(2-(2-aminoethylthio)acetamido)-2-hydroxy-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 48 was isolated as the TFA salt. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 1.38-1.46 (m, 1H), 1.46-1.54 (m, 1H), 1.71-1.78 (m, 1H), 1.84-1.92 (m, 1H), 2.30-2.34 (dd, J=16 Hz, J=4 Hz, 1H), 2.56-2.61 (dd, J=16 Hz, J=6 Hz, 1H), 2.80-2.83 (t, J=6 Hz, 1H), 2.89-2.97 (non, J=7 Hz, 2H), 3.17-3.24 (non, J=5 Hz, 2H), 3.37 (s, 2H), 4.15-4.20 (m, 1H); ESIMS found for C₁₀H₁₉BN₂O₅S m/z 273 (M−H₂O)⁺.

2-((3R,6S)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-(pyridin-4-yl)acetamido)-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 49 was isolated as the TFA salt. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 1.17-1.27 (m, 1H), 1.60-1.67 (m, 1H), 1.67-1.76 (m, 2H), 2.32-2.43 (m, 2H), 2.68-2.70 (t, J=4 Hz, 2H), 3.22-3.26 (t, J=7 Hz, 1H), 4.15-4.21 (m, 1H), 7.94-7.96 (d, J=7 Hz, 2H), 8.75-8.79 (d, J=6 Hz, 2H); ESIMS found for C₁₃H₁₇BN₂O₅ m/z 275.1 (M−H₂O)⁺.

2-((3R,6S)-3-(2-(4-aminocyclohexyl)acetamido)-2-hydroxy-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 50 was isolated as the TFA salt. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 1.15-1.25 (m, 1H), 1.44-1.88 (m, 10H), 2.05-2.13 (m, 1H), 2.19-2.21 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 2.30-2.36 (dd, J=6 Hz, 1H), 2.38-2.47 (m, 3H), 2.61-2.63 (brd, J=3 Hz, 1H), 3.18-3.22 (t, J=7 Hz, 1H), 4.04-4.11 (m, 1H); ESIMS found for C₁₄H₂₅BN₂O₅ m/z 295.1 (M−H₂O)⁺.

2-((3R,6S)-3-(2-(1-aminocyclohexyl)acetamido)-2-hydroxy-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 51 was isolated as the TFA salt. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 1.23-1.34 (m, 1H), 1.34-1.48 (m, 1H), 1.48-1.86 (m, 12H), 2.40-2.50 (m, 2H), 2.65-2.83 (m, 2H), 3.22-3.26 (t, J=7 Hz, 1H), 4.11-4.18 (m, 1H); ESIMS found for C₁₄H₂₅BN₂O₅ m/z 295 (M−H₂O)⁺.

2-((3R,6S)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-((R)-piperidin-2-yl)acetamido)-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 52 was isolated as the TFA salt. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 1.27-1.37 (m, 1H), 1.49-1.80 (m, 7H), 1.86-2.00 (brdd, J=11 Hz, 3H), 2.44-2.46 (d, J=6 Hz, 2H), 2.61-2.65 (m, 1H), 2.72-2.73 (d, J=6 Hz, 1H), 3.03-3.09 (t, J=13 Hz, 1H), 3.41-3.45 (d, J=13 Hz, 1H), 3.47-3.56 (m, 1H), 4.15-4.21 (m, 1H); ESIMS found for C₁₃H₂₃BN₂O₅ m/z 281 (M−H₂O)⁺.

2-((3R,6S)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-((S)-piperidin-2-yl)acetamido)-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 53 was isolated as the TFA salt. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 1.26-1.35 (m, 1H), 1.48-1.59 (m, 1H), 1.59-1.68 (m, 2H), 1.68-1.81 (m, 3H), 1.87-2.00 (m, 3H), 2.45-2.47 (d, J=7 Hz, 2H), 2.65-2.67 (t, J=4 Hz, 1H), 2.74-2.76 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H), 3.03-3.08 (dt, J=13 Hz, J=3 Hz, 1H), 3.42-3.46 (brd, J=13 Hz, 1H), 3.47-3.55 (m, 1H), 4.12-4.19 (m, 1H); ESIMS found for C₁₃H₂₃BN₂O₅ m/z 298.1 (M+H).

2-((3R,6S)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-(2-phenyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)acetamido)-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 54 was isolated as the TFA salt. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 1.36-1.44 (m, 1H), 1.44-1.54 (m, 1H), 1.66-1.80 (m, 2H), 2.15 (s, 1H), 2.48-2.51 (m, J=6 Hz, 1H), 2.72-2.75 (t, J=7 Hz, 1H), 4.33-4.39 (m, 1H), 4.94-5.05 (m, 2H), 7.65-7.76 (m, 7H); ESIMS found for C₁₇H₂₀BN₃O₅ m/z 358.2 (M+H).

2-((3R,6S)-2-hydroxy-3-(3-(2-methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)propanamido)-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 55. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 0.92-1.00 (m, 1H), 1.47-1.53 (m, 1H), 1.58-1.62 (m, 2H), 2.31-2.33 (d, J=7 Hz, 2H), 2.50-2.52 (t, J=4 Hz, 1H), 2.97 (s, 3H), 3.08-3.20 (m, 2H), 4.04-4.10 (m, 1H), 4.77-4.81 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H), 7.61-7.68 (m, 2H), 7.75-7.78 (d, J=7 Hz, 1H), 7.93-7.95 (d, J=7 Hz, 1H); ESIMS found for C₁₇H₂₂BN₃O₅ m/z 342.2 (M−H₂O)⁺.

2-((3R,6S)-3-(4-((1H-tetrazol-1-yl)methyl)benzamido)-2-hydroxy-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 56. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 1.10-1.21 (m, 1H), 1.58-1.64 (m, 1H), 1.70-1.79 (m, 1H), 1.89-1.96 (m, 1H), 2.31-2.36 (dd, J=15 Hz, J=6 Hz, 1H), 2.41-2.47 (m, 1H), 2.80-2.83 (brd, J=4 Hz, 1H), 4.11-4.17 (m, 1H), 5.83 (s, 2H), 7.53-7.55 (d, J=8 Hz, 2H), 8.02-8.05 (d, J=8 Hz, 2H), 9.30 (s, 1H); ESIMS found for C₁₅H₁₈BN₅O₅ m/z 342.0 (M−H₂O)⁺.

2-((3R,6S)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-(pyridin-2-yl)acetamido)-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 57 was isolated as the TFA salt. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 1.21-1.32 (m, 1H), 1.59-1.67 (m, 2H), 1.67-1.75 (m, 2H), 2.29-2.40 (m, 3H), 2.67-2.72 (m, 1H), 4.14-4.21 (m, 1H), 7.62-7.66 (t, J=6 Hz, 1H), 7.70-7.73 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 8.14-8.18 (t, J=8 Hz, 1H), 8.65-8.67 (d, J=5 Hz, 1H); ESIMS found for C₁₃H₁₇BN₂O₅ m/z 275.1 (M−H₂O)⁺.

The following compounds are prepared in accordance with the procedure described in the above Example 1 using methods C and E.

2-((3R,6S)-3-(1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamido)-2-hydroxy-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 58 was isolated as the TFA salt. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 1.14-1.29 (m, 3H), 1.39-1.44 (brd, J=7 Hz, 2H), 1.56-1.63 (dd, J=14 Hz, J=3 Hz, 1H), 1.70-1.80 (m, 1H), 1.92-1.99 (d, J=14 Hz, 1H), 2.33-2.38 (dd, J=15 Hz, J=6 Hz, 1H), 2.43-2.48 (dd, J=15 Hz, J=7 Hz, 1H), 2.85-2.86 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H), 3.46-3.52 (m, 4H), 3.59-3.64 (m, 4H), 3.73-3.79 (m, 1H), 4.08-4.15 (m, 1H), 7.66-7.67 (d, J=7 Hz, 1H), 8.00-8.03 (d, J=13 Hz, 1H), 8.81 (s, 1H); ESIMS found for C₂₃H₂₈BFN₄O₆ m/z 469.2 (M−H₂O)⁺.

2-[(3R,6S)-2-hydroxy-3-[(2S,3S,5R)-3-methyl-4,4,7-trioxo-3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-4λ⁶-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-amido]-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl] acetic acid 59. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 1.43 (s, 3H), 1.49-1.57 (m, 1H), 1.72-1.81 (m, 3H), 2.51-2.56 dd, J=15 Hz, J=6 Hz, 1H), 2.62-2.67 (dd, J=15 Hz, J=8 Hz, 1H), 2.80-2.84 (m, 1H), 3.41-3.44 (dd, J=17 Hz, J=2 Hz, 1H), 3.63-3.67 (dd, J=16 Hz, J=5 Hz, 1H), 4.37-4.44 (m, 1H), 4.61 (s, 1H), 4.90-4.94 (dd, J=5 Hz, J=2 Hz, 1H), 5.16-5.19 (d, J=15 Hz, 1H), 5.25-5.28 (d, J=15 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (s, 1H), 8.07 (s, 1H); ESIMS found for C₁₆H₂₂BN₅O₈S m/z 438 (M−H₂O)⁺.

2-((3R,6S)-2-hydroxy-3-(3-(5-phenyl-1,3 ,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)propanamido)-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 60. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 1.10-1.21 (m, 1H), 1.50-1.58 (dd, J=14 Hz, J=3 Hz, 1H), 1.59-1.68 (dt, J=11 Hz, J=5 Hz, 1H), 1.74-1.81 (brd, J=13 Hz, 1H), 2.22-2.26 (dd, J=15 Hz, J=6 Hz, 1H), 2.30-2.34 (dd, J=15 Hz, J=7 Hz, 1H), 2.63-2.64 (d, J=4 Hz, 1H), 3.01-3.12 (sex, J=7 Hz, 2H), 3.33-3.43 (sex, J=7 Hz, 2H), 4.03-4.09 (m, 1H), 7.54-7.62 (m, 3H), 8.03-8.05 (d, J=8 Hz, 2H); ESIMS found for C₁₇H₂₀BN₃O₆ m/z 356.1 (M−H₂O)⁺.

2-((3R,6S)-3-(2-(2-aminopyridin-4-yl)acetamido)-2-hydroxy-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 61 was isolated as the TFA salt. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 1.58-1.66 (m, 1H), 1.67-1.78 (m, 3H), 2.31-2.36 (dd, J=15 Hz, J=6 Hz, 1H), 2.39-2.44 (dd, J=15 Hz, J=7 Hz, 1H), 2.65-2.68 (t, J=4 Hz, 1H), 4.12-4.19 (m, 1H), 6.85-6.87 (d, J=7 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (s, 1H), 7.81-7.82 (d, J=7 Hz, 1H); ESIMS found for C₁₃H₁₈BN₃O₅ m/z 290.1 (M−H₂O)⁺.

Following method E, the reaction mixture was evaporated in vacuo, azeotroped with MeCN (3×5 mL) and the residue was triturated with ether (5 mL). The precipitate was filtered, dissolved in dioxane-water mixture and freeze dried to get 2-((3R)-3-((Z)-2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-((1,5-dihydroxy-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyridin-2-yl) methoxyimino)acetamido)-2-hydroxy-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 62 as the TFA (25 mg) salt as a fluffy solid. ESIMS found for C₁₇H₂₀BN₅O₉S m/z 464.0 (M−H₂O)⁺.

Synthesis of 2-((3R)-3-amino-2-hydroxy-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid hydrochloride 7. An example synthesis of 7 is depicted in Scheme 10 and Example 2.

Example 2 Step 1

6-(tert-butoxy)-4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-1-chloro-6-oxo-1-[(2S,6R)-2,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-boratricyclo[6.1.1.02,6]decan-4-yl]hexane XLI (515 mg, 0.97 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was cooled to −78° C. under nitrogen. A solution of LiHMDS (1 mL, 1.0 M in THF, 1 mmol, 1.0 eq) was added slowly and the reaction flask was then allowed to warm to room temperature where it was stirred for 16 h. The yellow solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to give an oil. After hexane (10 mL) was added to the oil, a precipitate formed. This was then filtered through Celite and the filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure to give 1-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]-6-(tert-butoxy)-4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-6-oxo-1-[(2S,6R)-2,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-boratricyclo[6. 1.1. 02,6]decan-4-yl]hexyl XLII.

Step 2

The procedure is identical to that found in Example 1 method D. Compound 7 was isolated as a white powder (120 mg, 0.573 mmol, 59.1% yield). ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 1.43-1.66 (m, 1H), 1.66-1.79 (m, 1H), 1.79-1.97 (m, 1H), 1.97-2.30 (m, 1H), 2.40-2.71 (m, 3H), 4.34-4.54 (m, 1H); ESIMS found for C₆H₁₂BNO₄ m/z 174 (63%) (M+H).

Synthesis of 2-((3R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-(thiophen-2-yl)acetamido)-1,2-oxaborepan-7-yl)acetic acid 63. An example synthesis of 63 is depicted in Scheme 11 and Example 3.

Example 3 Step 1

To a solution of tert-butyl 3-hydroxypent-4-enoate, XLVI (674 mg, 3.92 mmol) in DCM (15 mL) was added diisopropylallylboronate XLV (2 g, 11.76 mmol) via syringe. To the mixture was then added Grubbs' first generation catalyst (260 mg, 0.31 mmol, 7.5 mol %) and the vessel was purged with argon. The reaction was heated at 65° C. under nitrogen for 18 h. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum and the residue was purified by flash column chromatography (100% hexane→30% EtOAc/hexane) to afford tert-butyl 2-(2-hydroxy-3,6-dihydro-2H-1,2-oxaborinin-6-yl)acetate XLVII (770 mg, 3.63 mmol, 92.7% yield).

Step 2

To a solution of tert-butyl 2-(2-hydroxy-3,6-dihydro-2H-1,2-oxaborinin-6-yl)acetate XLVII (670 mg, 3.16 mmol) in EtOAc (45 mL) was added 10% Pd/C (135 mg). The vessel was evacuated by applying vacuum and flushed with hydrogen gas. The reaction was stirred under hydrogen for 2 h. The mixture was filtered through a Celite pad and which was washed with additional EtOAc (15 mL). Concentration of the filtrate gave pure tert-butyl 2-(2-hydroxy-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetate XLVIII (641 mg, 3.00 mmol, 94.8% yield).

Step 3

To a solution of tert-butyl 2-(2-hydroxy-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetate XLVIII (641 mg, 3.00 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added (1S,2S,3R,5S)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptane-2,3-diol (509 mg, 3 mol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 16 h and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by column chromatography (100% hexane→40% EtOAc/hexane) on silica gel to give tert-butyl 3-hydroxy-6-[(1R,2R,6S,8R)-6,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-boratricyclo[6.1.1.0^(2,6)]decan-4-yl]hexanoate XLIX (790 mg, 2.16 mmol, 71.9% yield).

Step 4

To a solution of alcohol XLIX (790 mg, 2.16 mmol) in DMF (7.5 mL) was added imidazole (548 mg, 8.06 mmol) followed by TBDMSCl (580 mg, 3.87 mol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h and concentrated under vacuum. The white slurry was dissolved in 100 mL of EtOAc and washed with saturated NaHCO₃ solution (20 mL), water (2×10 mL) and dried (Na₂SO₄). The organic extract was concentrated under vacuum and the residue was purified by column chromatography (100% hexane→30% EtOAc/hexane) on silica gel to give tert-butyl 3-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-6-[(1R,2R,6S,8R)-6,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-boratricyclo [6.1.1.0^(2,6)]decan-4-yl]hexanoate L (1 g, 2.08 mmol, 96.3% yield).

Step 5

To a solution of DCM (0.26 mL, 4.16 mmol) in THF (5 mL) at −100° C. was added 2.5 M n-butyl lithium in hexane (1 mL, 2.5 mmol) slowly under nitrogen and down the inside wall of the flask whilst maintaining the temperature below −90° C. The resulting white precipitate was stirred for 30 minutes before the addition of L (1 g, 2.08 mmol) in THF (3 mL) at −90° C. Zinc chloride (5 mL, 0.5 M in THF, 2.5 mmol) was then added to the reaction mixture at −90° C. and then the reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature where it was stirred for 16 h. The reaction was quenched with a saturated solution of ammonium chloride and the phases were separated. The aqueous phase was then extracted with diethyl ether (2×10 mL) and the combined organic extracts were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The concentrated material was then chromatographed (100% hexane→20% EtOAc-hexane) to obtain tert-butyl (7S)-3-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-7-chloro-7-[(1R,2R,6S,8R)-6,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-boratricyclo[6.1.1.0^(2,6)]decan-4-yl]heptanoate LI (740 mg, 1.40 mmol, 67.2% yield).

Step 6

Chloro intermediate LI (727 mg, 1.37 mmol) in THF (7 mL) was cooled to −78° C. under nitrogen. A solution of 1M LiHMDS solution in THF (1.37 mL, 1.37 mmol) was added slowly at −78° C. Upon completion of the addition, the reaction flask was allowed to warm to room temperature. After stirring at room temperature for 16 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum and hexane (20 mL) was added. The precipitated lithium salts were filtered off through a Celite pad, rinsed with additional hexane and the combined filtrates were concentrated under vacuum to give crude tert-butyl (7S)-7-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]-3-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-7-[(1R,2R,6S,8R)-6,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-boratricyclo[6.1.1.0^(2,6)]decan-4-yl]heptanoate LII.

Step 7

To a stirred solution of 2-thiophenacetic acid (232 mg, 1.64 mmol) in DCM (45 mL) at 0° C. under nitrogen was added EDCI (391 mg, 2.05 mmol) and HOBT (221 mg, 1.64 mmol). After stirring at 0° C. for 30 minutes, a solution of the bis-silyl amide LII intermediate (1.37 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) followed by N-methyl-morpholine (0.3 mL, 2.74 mmol) were sequentially added at 0° C. Upon completion of the addition, the reaction flask was allowed to warm to room temperature. After stirring at room temperature overnight, the reaction mixture was washed with water, dried and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by column chromatography (100% DCM→50% EtOAc/DCM) to afford tert-butyl (7S)-3-[(tert-butyldimethyl silyl)oxy]-7-[2-(thiophen-2-yl)acetamido]-7-[(1R,2R,6S,8R)-6,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-boratricyclo[6. 1.1. 0^(2,6)]decan-4-yl]heptanoate LIII (340 mg, 0.54 mmol, 39.4% yield for 2 steps).

Step 8

To a solution of amide LIII (300 mg, 0.47 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (9 mL) was added 9 mL of 3 N HCl. The reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 90 minutes. The cooled reaction mixture was then diluted with water (10 mL) and extracted with diethyl ether (2×10 mL). The aqueous layer was concentrated to afford a sticky solid which was azeotroped with MeCN (3×10 mL). The residue was dissolved in 40% dioxane-water and lyophilized to afford 2-((3R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-(thiophen-2-yl)acetamido)-1,2-oxaborepan-7-yl)acetic acid 63 as an off-white solid (100 mg, 32.1 mmol, 68.4% yield). ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 1.21-1.38 (m, 2H), 1.42-1.60 (m, 2H), 1.60-1.72 (m, 1H), 1.80-1.94 (m, 1H), 2.32-2.47 (m, 2H), 2.54-2.58 (dd, J=15 Hz, J=6 Hz, 1H), 3.97-3.98 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 4.05 (s, 2H), 6.97-7.01 (m, 1H), 7.02-7.10 (m, 1H), 7.33-7.37 (m, 1H); ESIMS found for C₁₃H₁₈BNO₅S m/z 294.0 (M−H₂O)⁺.

Synthesis of 2-((3R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-(thiophen-2-yl)acetamido)-2,3,4,7-tetrahydro-1,2-oxaborepin-7-yl)acetic acid 64. An example synthesis of 64 is depicted in Scheme 12 and Example 4.

Example 4 Step 1

To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 2-(2-hydroxy-3,6-dihydro-2H-1,2-oxaborinin-6-yl)acetate XLVII (770 mg, 4.58 mmol) in THF (25 mL) was added (1S,2S,3R,5S)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptane-2,3-diol (980 mg, 4.58 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 16 h and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by column chromatography (100% hexane→30% EtOAc/hexane) on silica gel to give tert-butyl (4Z)-3-hydroxy-6-[(1R,2R,6S,8R)-6,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-boratricyclo[6.1.1.0^(2,6)]decan-4-yl]hex-4-enoate LIV (1 g, 2.75 mmol, 59.9% yield).

Step 2

To a solution of alcohol LIV (650 mg, 1.78 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was added imidazole (484 mg, 7.12 mmol) followed by TBDMSCl (534 mg, 3.56 mol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h and concentrated under vacuum. The white slurry was dissolved in 100 mL of EtOAc and washed with water (2×10 mL), brine and dried (Na₂SO₄). The organic extract was concentrated under vacuum and the residue was purified by column chromatography (100% hexane→20% EtOAc/hexane) on silica gel to give tert-butyl (4Z)-3-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-6-[(1R,2R,6S,8R)-6,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-boratricyclo[6.1.1.0^(2,6)]decan-4-yl]hex-4-enoate LV (800 mg, 1.67 mmol, 93.9% yield).

Step 3

To a solution of DCM (0.3 mL, 4.68 mmol) in THF (8 mL) at −100° C. was added 2.5 M n-butyl lithium in hexane (1.12 mL, 2.8 mmol) slowly under nitrogen and down the inside wall of the flask whilst maintaining the temperature below −90° C. The resulting white precipitate was stirred for 30 minutes before the addition of LV (1.12 g, 2.34 mmol) in THF (3 mL) at −90° C. and the reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature where it was stirred for 16 h. The reaction was quenched with a saturated solution of ammonium chloride and the phases were separated. The aqueous phase was then extracted with diethyl ether (2×10 mL) and the combined organic extracts were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The concentrated material was then chromatographed (100% hexane→20% EtOAc/hexane) to obtain tert-butyl (4Z,7S)-3-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-7-chloro-7-[(1R,2R,6S,8R)-6,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-boratricyclo[6.1.1.0^(2,6)]decan-4-yl]hept-4-enoate LVI (820 mg, 1.56 mmol, 66.5% yield).

Step 4

Chloro intermediate LVI (790 mg, 1.49 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was cooled to −78° C. under nitrogen. A solution of 1M LiHMDS solution in THF (1.5 mL, 1.5 mmol) was added slowly at −78° C. Upon completion of the addition, the reaction flask was allowed to warm to room temperature. After stirring at room temperature for 16 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum and hexane (20 mL) was added. The precipitated lithium salts were filtered off through a Celite pad, rinsed with additional hexane and the combined filtrates were concentrated under vacuum to give crude tert-butyl (4Z,7S)-7-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]-3-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-7-[(1R,2R,6S,8R)-6,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-boratricyclo[6.1.1.0^(2,6)]decan-4-yl]hept-4-enoate LVII.

Step 5

To a stirred solution of 2-thiophenacetic acid (252 mg, 1.78 mmol) in DCM (35 mL) at 0° C. under nitrogen was added EDCI (426 mg, 2.23 mmol) and HOBT (240 mg, 1.78 mmol). After stirring at 0° C. for 30 minutes, a solution of the crude bis-silyl amide LVII intermediate in DCM (10 mL) followed by N-methyl-morpholine (0.32 mL, 3 mmol) were sequentially added at 0° C. Upon completion of the addition, the reaction flask was allowed to warm to room temperature. After stirring at room temperature overnight, the reaction mixture was washed with water, dried and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by column chromatography (100% DCM→25% EtOAc/DCM) to afford tert-butyl (4Z,7S)-3-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-7-[2-(thiophen-2-yl)acetamido]-7-[(1R,2R,6S,8R)-6,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-boratricyclo[6.1.1.0^(2,6)]decan-4-yl]hept-4-enoate LVIII (600 mg, 0.95 mmol, 63.7% yield for 2 steps).

Step 6

A solution of amide LVIII (100 mg, 0.15 mmol) in anisole (5 mL) at 0° C. was treated with pre-cooled 90% aq trifluoroacetic acid (10 mL). The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 16 h. The mixture was evaporated in vacuo, azeotroped with MeCN (3×5 mL). The residue was sonicated in water (10 mL) and ether (10 mL). The aqueous phase was separated, washed with ether (2×5 mL) and freeze dried to give fluffy solid 2-((3R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-(thiophen-2-yl)acetamido)-2,3,4,7-tetrahydro-1,2-oxaborepin-7-yl)acetic acid 64 (15 mg, 0.05 mmol, 32.3% yield). ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 2.23-2.35 (m, 2H), 2.40-2.61 (m, 2H), 2.76-2.83 (m, 1H), 3.96-4.03 (m, 1H), 4.10 (s, 2H), 5.34-5.40 (m, 1H), 5.53-5.74 (m, 1H), 6.97-7.08 (m, 2H), 7.32-7.39 (m, 1H); ESIMS found for C₁₃H₁₆BNO₅S m/z 292 (M−H₂O)⁺.

Synthesis of ethyl 2-((3R,6S)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-(thiophen-2-yl)acetamido)-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetate 65. An example synthesis of 65 is depicted in Scheme 13 and Example 5.

Example 5 Step 1

To a solution of 5 (400 mg, 1.35 mmol) in 4 mL of absolute ethanol was added anhydrous 1M HCl in EtOAc (4 mL, 4 mmol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The mixture was then concentrated and azeotroped with acetonitrile (3×10 mL) to give a sticky solid. Ether (10 mL) was added to the azeotroped sticky solid and the resulting precipitate was filtered. The filtered solid was rinsed with additional ether (5 mL) and dried to give ethyl 2-((3R,6S)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-(thiophen-2-yl)acetamido)-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetate 65 (300 mg, 0.92 mmol, 68.5% yield). ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 0.98-1.09 (q, J=14 Hz, 1H), 1.23-1.26 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H), 1.49-1.54 (dd, J=14 Hz, J=3 Hz, 1H), 1.57-1.64 (dt, J=11 Hz, J=2 Hz, 1H), 1.72-1.78 (brd, J=14 Hz, 1H), 2.24-2.28 (dd, J=15 Hz, J=6 Hz, 1H), 2.34-2.39 (dd, J=15 Hz, J=8 Hz, 1H), 2.63 (brs, 1H), 3.99 (s, 2H), 4.07-4.13 (q, J=4 Hz, 3H), 6.99-7.01 (t, J=4 Hz, 1H), 7.05-7.06 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H), 7.35-7.36 (dd, J=5 Hz, J=1.3 Hz, 1H); ESIMS found for C₁₄H₂₀BNO₅S m/z 308.1 (M−H₂O)⁺.

Synthesis of 2-((3R,7R)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-(thiophen-2-yl)acetamido)-2,3,4,7-tetrahydro-1,2-oxaborepin-7-yl)acetic acid 67. An example synthesis of 67 is depicted in Scheme 14 and Example 6.

Example 6 Step 1

Prepared starting from enantiomerically pure (R)-tert-butyl 3-hydroxypent-4-enoate [J. Am. Chem. Soc. (2007), 129, 4175-4177] in accordance with the procedure described in the above Step 1 of Example 3

Steps 2-7

Prepared in accordance with the procedure described in the above Steps 1-6 of Example 4.

White fluffy solid (23 mg, 0.074 mmol, 47% yield). ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 2.29-2.31 (m, 1H), 2.40-2.68 (m, 4H), 4.10 (m, 2H), 4.74-4.82 (m, 1H), 5.35-5.38 (m, 1H), 5.53-5.58 (m, 1H), 6.98-7.05 (m, 2H), 7.32-7.36 (m, 1H); ESIMS found for C₁₃H₁₆BNO₅S m/z 292 (M−H₂O)⁺.

Synthesis of 2-((3R,7S)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-(thiophen-2-yl)acetamido)-2,3,4,7-tetrahydro-1,2-oxaborepin-7-yl)acetic acid 68. An example synthesis of 68 is depicted in Scheme 15 and Example 7.

Example 7 Step 1

Prepared starting from enantiomerically pure (S)-tert-butyl 3-hydroxypent-4-enoate [J. Med. Chem., (2010), 53, 4654-4667] in accordance with the procedure described in the above Step 1 of Example 3

Steps 2-7

Prepared in accordance with the procedure described in the above Steps 1-6 of Example 4.

White fluffy solid (45 mg, 0.146 mmol, 39% yield). ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 2.15-2.18 (m, 1H), 2.29-2.38 (m, 2H), 2.66-2.72 (m, 2H), 3.88-3.91 (m, 1H) 4.00 (s, 2H), 5.24-5.27 (m, 1H), 5.57-5.63 (m, 1H), 6.87-6.96 (m, 2H), 7.24-7.28 (m, 1H); ESIMS found for C₁₃H₁₆BNO₅S m/z 292 (M−H₂O)⁺.

Synthesis of 2-((3R,6S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-hydroxy-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 69. An example synthesis of 69 is depicted in Scheme 16 and Example 8.

Example 8 Step 1

A solution of bis-silyl amide XLI (0.2 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was cooled to 0° C. and benzyl chloroformate (0.056 mL, 0.4 mmol) was added. Then, the cooling bath was removed and the solution stirred at ambient temperature for 16 h. The reaction was quenched with water and extracted twice with EtOAc. The organic layers were combined, washed with water, brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo to afford a pale yellow oil as crude product. The residue was chromatographed on a silica column (100% DCM→40% EtOAc/DCM) to afford carbamate LXIII (90 mg, 0.143 mmol, 71.5% yield). Step 2

A solution of carbamate LXIII (70 mg, 0.11 mmol) in anisole (5 mL) at 0° C. was treated with pre-cooled 90% aq trifluoroacetic acid (10 mL). The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 16 h. The mixture was evaporated in vacuo, azeotroped with MeCN (3×5 mL). The residue was sonicated in water (10 mL) and ether (10 mL). The aqueous phase was separated, washed with ether (2×5 mL) and freeze dried to give 243R,6S)-3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-hydroxy-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 69 as a fluffy solid (10 mg, 0.033 mmol, 29.6% yield). ESIMS found for C₁₄H₁₈BNO₆S m/z 289.9 (M−H₂O)⁺.

The following compound is prepared in accordance with the procedure described in the above Example 8.

2-((3R,6S)-2-hydroxy-3-(isobutoxycarbonylamino)-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 70 as a off-white solid (20 mg, 0.073 mmol, 27% yield). ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 0.95 (d, J=7 Hz, 6H), 1.62-1.67 (m, 1H), 1.70-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.87-1.90 (m, 2H), 2.42-2.60 (m, 3H), 3.77-3.86 (m, 2H), 4.35-4.38 (m, 1H); ESIMS found for C₁₁H₂₀BNO₆S m/z 256 (M−H₂O)⁺.

Synthesis of 2-((3R,6S)-2-hydroxy-3-(phenyl sulfonamido)-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 71. An example synthesis of 71 is depicted in Scheme 17 and Example 9.

Example 9 Step 1-2

Prepared in accordance with the procedure described in the above Steps 1-2 of Example 8.

Off-white solid (30 mg, 0.096 mmol, 43% yield). ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 1.57-1.83 (series of m, 4H), 2.49-2.71 (series of m, 3H), 4.35-4.89 (m, 1H), 7.51-7.59 (m, 3H), 7.85-7.89 (m, 2H); ESIMS found for C₁₂H₁₆BNO₆S m/z 296.1 (M−H₂O)⁺.

Synthesis of 2-((3R,6S)-2-hydroxy-3-(3-phenylureido)-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 72. An example synthesis of 72 is depicted in Scheme 18 and Example 10.

Scheme 18

Example 10 Step 1

To a solution of bis-silyl amide XLI (0.2 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) at 0° C. was added a solution of TFA in hexane (0.6 mmol). The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 20 min before adding phenyl isocayanate (0.04 mL, 0.4 mmol) followed by N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.18 mL, 1 mmol). The cooling bath was then removed and the solution was stirred at ambient temperature for 16 h. The reaction was quenched with water and extracted twice with EtOAc. The organic layers were combined, washed with water, brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo to afford a pale yellow oil as crude product. The residue was chromatographed on a silica column (100% DCM→25% EtOAc/DCM) to afford the pure urea (50 mg, 0.081 mmol, 40.7% yield).

Step 2

Deprotection was performed following the procedure described above in step 2 of example 8 to give 2-((3R,6S)-2-hydroxy-3-(3-phenylureido)-1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl)acetic acid 72 as a white solid (20 mg, 0.068 mmol, 86% yield). ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ ppm 1.24-1.31 (m, 1H), 1.56-1.64 (m, 2H) 1.78-1.81 (m, 1H), 2.36-2.40 (dd, J=15 Hz, J=6 Hz, 1H), 2.46-2.58 (dd, J=13 Hz, J=7 Hz, 1H), 2.68-2.71 (m, 1H), 4.07-4.12 (m, 1H), 7.15-7.18 (m, 1H), 7.34-7.37 (m, 4H); ESIMS found for C₁₃H₁₇BN₂O₅ m/z 275.1 (M−H₂O)⁺.

Illustrative compounds of Formula (I) are shown in Table 1. Some structures are shown with defined configurations at selected stereocenters but the shown stereochemistries are not meant to be limiting and all possible stereoisomers of the shown structures are to be considered encompassed herein. Compounds of any absolute and relative configurations at the stereocenters as well as mixtures of enantiomers and diastereoisomers of any given structure are also encompassed herein.

TABLE 1 Ex- Structure ample 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

Example 11

The potency and spectrum of β-lactamase inhibitors was determined by assessing their antibiotic potentiation activity.

The potentiation effect is observed by the reduction of the minimum inhibitory concentration of β-lactam antibiotics in the presence of β-lactamase inhibitors (BLIs). The activity of BLIs in combination with ceftazidime or biapenem is assessed by the checkerboard assay (Antimicrobial Combinations. In Antibiotics in Laboratory Medicine, Ed. Victor Lorian, M.D., Fourth edition, 1996, pp 333-338) using broth microdilution method performed as recommended by the NCCLS (National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). 1997. Methods for Dilution of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically—Fourth Edition; Approved Standard. NCCLS Document M7-A4, Vol 17 No. 2). In this assay, multiple dilutions of two drugs, namely BLI and β-lactam (ceftazidime or biapenem), are being tested, alone and in combination, at concentrations equal to, above and below their respective minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs). BLIs are solubilized in 10% DMSO at 10 mg/mL. Stock solutions are further diluted, according to the needs of a particular assay, in Mueller Hinton Broth (MHB). Stock solution can be stored at −80° C.

The checkerboard (CB) assay is performed in microtiter plates. Ceftazidime or biapenem are diluted in the x axis, each column containing a single concentration of antibiotic. BLIs are diluted in the y axis, each row containing an equal concentration of BLI. The result of these manipulations is that each well of the microtiter plate contains a unique combination of concentrations of the two agents. The assay is performed in MHB with a final bacterial inoculum of 5×105 CFU/mL (from an early-log phase culture). Microtiter plates are incubated during 20 h at 35° C. and are read using a microtiter plate reader (Molecular Devices) at 650 nm as well as visual observation using a microtiter plate reading mirror. The MIC is defined as the lowest concentration of antibiotics, within the combination, at which the visible growth of the organism is completely inhibited. Activity of BLIs is reported at MPC8, or the minimal potentiation concentration to reduce the MIC of antibiotic 8-fold.

Ceftazidime potentiation is studied in strains of various bacteria that are resistant to ceftazidime due to expression of β-lactamase hydrolyzing enzymes. The panel of strains used in checkerboard experiments contains β-lactamases that belong to all the known classes of these enzymes: A, B, C and D. Activity of Compound 1 is tested at the maximum concentration of 40 μg/mL. At this concentration it shows no inhibition of growth of any bacteria tested, however at concentration as low as 0.6 μg/mL it reduced MICs to ceftazidime 8-fold in some bacteria (Table 2). Based on CB results, 1 has a broad-spectrum β-lactam potentiation activity against the strains expressing β-lactamases. Compound 1 was the most potent against the strains expressing KPCs and other class A enzymes (CTX-M-3), and some class C (MIR-1, CMY-2), and class D (OXA-2) enzymes.

TABLE 2 Strain Organism Description PCR Class MPC8 KP1005 Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL CTX-M-14 A Z KP1009 Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL CTX-M-15 A Y EC1008 Escherichia coli ESBL CTX-M-3 A X KP1004 Klebsiella pneumoniae Serine carbapenemase KPC-2 A X KP1008 Klebsiella pneumoniae Serine carbapenemase KPC-2 A X EC1007 Escherichia coli Serine carbapenemase KPC-3 A X KP1010 Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL SHV-12 A Y KP1012 Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL SHV-18 A Y ec306 Escherichia coli First ESBL described SHV-2 A Y ec307 Escherichia coli Common SHV ESBL SHV-4 A Y ec308 Escherichia coli Common SHV ESBL SHV-5 A Y EC1009 Escherichia coli ESBL TEM-10 A Z ec302 Escherichia coli Common ESBL in US TEM-10 A Z EC1012 Escherichia coli ESBL TEM-12 A Y ec303 Escherichia coli Common ESBL in US TEM-12 A Y EC1011 Escherichia coli ESBL TEM-26 A Z ec304 Escherichia coli Common ESBL in US TEM-26 A Z ec300 Escherichia coli Common ESBL in France TEM-3 A Y ec301 Escherichia coli ESBL TEM-6 A Z CF1000 Citrobacter freundii Hyper AmpC expression C Y ECL1003 Enterobacter cloacae Hyper AmpC expression C Z ec310 Escherichia coli E. cloacae-like Amp-C ACT-1 C X EC1004 Escherichia coli pAmpC CMY-2 C X EC1010 Escherichia coli pAmpC CMY-6 C Y EC1014 Escherichia coli pAmpC DHA-1 C Z EC1006 Escherichia coli pAmpC FOX-5 C Y EC1016 Escherichia coli pAmpC FOX-5 C Z ec309 Escherichia coli E. cloacae-like Amp-C MIR-1 C X KP1007 Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL OXA-10, qnrB4 D Y KX1000 Klebsiella oxytoca ESBL OXA-2 D X X = MPC8 of 2.5 μg/mL or less. Y = MPC8 of greater than 2.5 μg/mL to 10 μg/mL. Z = MPC8 of greater than 10 μg/mL.

Next, ceftazidime potentiation activity of several cyclic boronic acid ester derivatives was tested using a larger panel of strains expressing β-lactamase hydrolyzing enzymes. Ceftazidime MICs were determined alone and in the presence of fixed concentrations of various cyclic boronic acid ester derivatives. Most compounds were tested at 10 μg/mL. Cyclic boronic acid ester derivatives were capable of reducing ceftazidime MICs 4 to >64-fold depending on β-lactamase (Table 3).

TABLE 3 Ceftazidime MIC (μg/mL) with or without cyclic boronic acid ester derivative 3 at 10 4 at 10 5 at 10 6 at 10 7 at 10 Strain Organism Description PCR Class Alone μg/mL μg/mL μg/mL μg/mL μg/mL KP1005 Klebsiella ESBL CTX-M-14 A Z Z Z Z Z Z pneumoniae KP1009 Klebsiella ESBL CTX-M-15 A Z Z Z Z Z Z pneumoniae KP1006 Klebsiella ESBL CTX-M2 A Y X X X X ND pneumoniae EC1008 Escherichia ESBL CTX-M3 A Z Y Y Y Y Z coli pa 1063 Pseudomonas ESBL GES-1 A Z Z Z Z Z Z aeruginosa KP1004 Klebsiella Serine KPC-2 A Z Y Y Y Y Z pneumoniae carbapenemase KP1008 Klebsiella Serine KPC-2 A Y X X X X Z pneumoniae carbapenemase EC1007 Escherichia Serine KPC-3 A Z X X X X Z coli carbapenemase KP1010 Klebsiella ESBL SHV-12 A Z Z Z Y Y Z pneumoniae KP1012 Klebsiella ESBL SHV-18 A Z Z Z Y Y Z pneumoniae ec306 Escherichia First ESBL SHV-2 A Z Z Z Z Z Z coli described ec307 Escherichia Common SHV SHV-4 A Z Z Z Y Z Z coli ESBL ec308 Escherichia Common SHV SHV-5 A Z Z Z Z Z Z coli ESBL KP1011 Klebsiella ESBL SHV-5 A Y X X X X ND pneumoniae EC1009 Escherichia ESBL TEM-10 A Z Z Z Z Z Z coli ec302 Escherichia Common ESBL TEM-10 A Z Z Z Z Z Z coli in US EC1012 Escherichia ESBL TEM-12 A Z Z Z Y Y Z coli ec303 Escherichia Common ESBL TEM-12 A Z Z Z Y Y Z coli in US EC1011 Escherichia ESBL TEM-26 A Z Z Z Z Z Z coli ec300 Escherichia Common ESBL TEM-3 A Z Z Z Y Z Z coli in France ec301 Escherichia ESBL TEM-6 A Z Z Z Z Z Z coli KP1014 Klebsiella Metallo β- Vim-1 B Z Z Z Z Z ND pneumoniae lactamase CF1000 Citrobacter Hyper AmpC C Z Z Z Y Y Z freundii expression CF1001 Citrobacter Hyper AmpC C Z Z Z Y Y ND freundii expression ECL1002 Enterobacter Hyper AmpC C Z Z Y Y Y Z cloacae expression ECL1003 Enterobacter Hyper AmpC C Z Z Z Z Z ND cloacae expression ec310 Escherichia E. cloacae -like ACT-1 C Z Y Y X X Z coli Amp-C EC1004 Escherichia pAmpC CMY-2 C Z Y Y Y Y Z coli SA1000 Salmonella pAmpC CMY-2 C Z Z Y Y X ND KP1013 Klebsiella pAmpC CMY-2 C Z Z Y Y Y ND pneumoniae EC1010 Escherichia pAmpC CMY-6 C Z Z Y Y Y Z coli EC1014 Escherichia pAmpC DHA-1 C Z Y Y X X Z coli EC1006 Escherichia pAmpC FOX-5 C Z Y Z Y Y Z coli EC1016 Escherichia pAmpC FOX-5 C Z Z Z Z Z ND coli ec309 Escherichia E. cloacae -like MIR-1 C Z Y Y X X Z coli Amp-C PAM2005 Pseudomonas ampC C Z Z Z Z Z Z aeruginosa PAM2035 Pseudomonas ampC mexA:tet C Z Z Z Y Y Z aeruginosa KP1007 Klebsiella ESBL OXA-10 D Z Z Z Y Y Z pneumoniae KX1000 Klebsiella ESBL OXA-2 D Z Z Y Y Y Y oxytoca AB1054 Acinetobacter OXA-carbapenemase OXA-23 D Z Z Z Z Z Z baumannii AB1052 Acinetobacter OXA-carbapenemase OXA-24 D Z Z Z Z Z ND baumannii AB1057 Acinetobacter OXA-carbapenemase OXA-58 D Z Z Z Z Z Z baumannii X = MIC of 1 μg/mL or less. Y = MIC of greater than 1 μg/mL to 8 μg/mL. Z = MIC of greater than 8 μg/mL. ND = Not Determined.

Biapenem is a carbapenem β-lactam; only selected β-lactamases confer resistance to this class of antibiotics. Among them are serine carbapemenases that belong to class A and class D. Biapenem potentiation is studied in strains expressing various carbapenemases from these classes using CB assays. Various cyclic boronic acid ester derivatives showed significant potentiation of biapenem against the strains expressing class A carbapenemases: MPC8 (minimal potentiation concentration of cyclic boronic acid ester derivative(μg/mL) to reduce the MIC of Biapenem 8-fold) varied from 0.02 μg/mL to 0.16 μg/mL (Table 4). Cyclic boronic acid ester derivatives were capable of reducing biapenem MICs up to 1000-fold (Table 4).

TABLE 4 Strain Organism Description PCR Class Compound MPC8 ECL1004 Enterobacter cloacae Serine carbapenemase NMC-A A 1 Y EC1007 Escherichia coli Serine carbapenemase KPC-3 A 1 X KP1004 Klebsiella pneumoniae Serine carbapenemase KPC-2 A 1 Y SM1000 Serratia marcescens Serine carbapenemase SME-2 A 1 Y ECL1004 Enterobacter cloacae Serine carbapenemase NMC-A A 2 Y EC1007 Escherichia coli Serine carbapenemase KPC-3 A 2 X KP1004 Klebsiella pneumoniae Serine carbapenemase KPC-2 A 2 X SM1000 Serratia marcescens Serine carbapenemase SME-2 A 2 Y ECL1004 Enterobacter cloacae Serine carbapenemase NMC-A A 3 X EC1007 Escherichia coli Serine carbapenemase KPC-3 A 3 X KP1004 Klebsiella pneumoniae Serine carbapenemase KPC-2 A 3 X KP1008 Klebsiella pneumoniae Serine carbapenemase KPC-2 A 3 X SM1000 Serratia marcescens Serine carbapenemase SME-2 A 3 Y AB1052 Acinetobacter baumannii OXA-carbapenemase OXA-24 D 3 Z AB1054 Acinetobacter baumannii OXA-carbapenemase OXA-23 D 3 Z AB1057 Acinetobacter baumannii OXA-carbapenemase OXA-58 D 3 Z ECL1004 Enterobacter cloacae Serine carbapenemase NMC-A A 4 X EC1007 Escherichia coli Serine carbapenemase KPC-3 A 4 X KP1004 Klebsiella pneumoniae Serine carbapenemase KPC-2 A 4 X KP1008 Klebsiella pneumoniae Serine carbapenemase KPC-2 A 4 X SM1000 Serratia marcescens Serine carbapenemase SME-2 A 4 X AB1052 Acinetobacter baumannii OXA-carbapenemase OXA-24 D 4 Z AB1054 Acinetobacter baumannii OXA-carbapenemase OXA-23 D 4 Z AB1057 Acinetobacter baumannii OXA-carbapenemase OXA-58 D 4 Z ECL1004 Enterobacter cloacae Serine carbapenemase NMC-A A 5 Y EC1007 Escherichia coli Serine carbapenemase KPC-3 A 5 X KP1004 Klebsiella pneumoniae Serine carbapenemase KPC-2 A 5 X SM1000 Serratia marcescens Serine carbapenemase SME-2 A 5 Y AB1052 Acinetobacter baumannii OXA-carbapenemase OXA-24 D 5 Z AB1054 Acinetobacter baumannii OXA-carbapenemase OXA-23 D 5 Z AB1057 Acinetobacter baumannii OXA-carbapenemase OXA-58 D 5 Z ECL1004 Enterobacter cloacae Serine carbapenemase NMC-A A 6 Y EC1007 Escherichia coli Serine carbapenemase KPC-3 A 6 X KP1004 Klebsiella pneumoniae Serine carbapenemase KPC-2 A 6 X SM1000 Serratia marcescens Serine carbapenemase SME-2 A 6 Y AB1052 Acinetobacter baumannii OXA-carbapenemase OXA-24 D 6 Z AB1054 Acinetobacter baumannii OXA-carbapenemase OXA-23 D 6 X AB1057 Acinetobacter baumannii OXA-carbapenemase OXA-58 D 6 Z X = MPC8 of less than 0.16 μg/mL. Y = MPC8 of 0.16 μg/mL to 1 μg/mL. Z = MPC8 of greater than 1 μg/mL.

Example 12

The ability of β-lactamase inhibitors to inhibit hydrolysis of ceftazidime and biapenem was studied. Lysates were prepared from bacteria expressing various β-lactamases as a source of enzymes. Bacterial lysates were prepared as follows. A single colony from the fresh over-night plate was transferred to 5 mL of LB broth and grown to OD₆₀₀=0.6-0.8. Next, this culture was transferred to 500 mL of LB and grown to OD₆₀₀=0.7-0.9. Cells were pelleted by centrifugation at 5000 RPM (JA-14 rotor) for 15 minutes at room temperature. The pellet was resuspended in 10 mL of PBS. Five freeze-thaw cycles by putting cells at −20° C. and thawing them at the room temperature were next applied. After the last thaw step cells were spun down at 18K for 30 minutes and the supernatant was collected. This lysate was stored at −20° C.

Next, the activity of bacterial lysates was optimized for ceftazidime and biapenem cleavage as follows. 50 μl of buffer A (50 mM Sodium Phosphate pH=7; 0.5% glucose, 1 mM MgCl₂) was added to each well of 96-well UV-transparent plate. 50 μl of lysate was titrated vertically in 96-well plate column to generate 2-fold lysate dilutions. 100 μl of buffer A was added to each well, placed in plate reader at 37° C. and incubated for 15 minutes. 50 μl of 50 μg/mL solutions of ceftazidime or biapenem in buffer A (pre-incubated at 37° C. for 15 minutes) were added to each well. Hydrolysis of ceftazidime and biapenem was measured at 250 nm and 296 nm, respectively. This experiment was used to determine the optimal lysate dilution which produced a linear curve of relative UV signal that decreased to approximately OD=0.3-0.5 over 1 hour.

Finally, the potency of cyclic boronic acid ester derivative to inhibit the cleavage of ceftazidime and biapenem cleavage by bacterial lysates was determined. 100 μl of buffer A (50 mM Sodium Phosphate pH=7; 0.5% glucose, 1 mM MgCl₂) was added to each well of 96-well UV-transparent plate. 50 μl of 6× cyclic boronic acid ester derivative solution in buffer A was titrated vertically in 96-well plate column to generate 3-fold dilutions. 50 μl of diluted lysate in buffer A (optimal dilution is determined in experiment above) was added, and the plate was incubated in the plate reader at 37° C. for 15 minutes. 50 μl of 50 μg/mL solutions of ceftazidime or biapenem in buffer A (pre-incubated at 37° C. for 15 minutes) were next added to each well and hydrolysis of ceftazidime or biapenem was recorded at 250 nm and 296 nm, respectively. EC₅₀ of inhibition was determined by plotting the rate of ceftazidime or biapenem cleavage vs. cyclic boronic acid ester derivative concentration.

The results of these experiments are presented in Table 5 and Table 6. These experiments demonstrate that the described compounds are inhibitors with a broad-spectrum activity towards various β-lactamases.

TABLE 5 IC₅₀ (μg/mL) of inhibition of Ceftazidime hydrolysis Strain Organism Description PCR Class Tazobactam 3 4 5 6 7 KP1005 Klebsiella ESBL CTX-M-14 A X Z Z X Y Z pneumoniae KP1009 Klebsiella ESBL CTX-M-15 A X Z Z X Y Y pneumoniae pa 1063 Pseudomonas ESBL GES-1 A Y Z Y X Y Y aeruginosa KP1004 Klebsiella Serine KPC-2 A Z X X X X Z pneumoniae carbapenemase KP1008 Klebsiella Serine KPC-2 A Z Y X X X Z pneumoniae carbapenemase EC1007 Escherichia Serine KPC-3 A Z Y X X X Z coli carbapenemase KP1010 Klebsiella ESBL SHV-12 A X Z Z Y Z Z pneumoniae KP1012 Klebsiella ESBL SHV-18 A X Z Z Y Y Z pneumoniae ec306 Escherichia First ESBL SHV-2 A Y Z Z Y Y Z coli described ec308 Escherichia Common SHV SHV-5 A X Z Z Z Z Z coli ESBL ec302 Escherichia Common ESBL in TEM-10 A X Y Z X Y Y coli US ec303 Escherichia Common ESBL in TEM-12 A X Z Z Y Z Y coli US ec304 Escherichia Common ESBL in TEM-26 A X Z Z Y Y Y coli US ec300 Escherichia Common ESBL in TEM-3 A X Z Z Y Z Z coli France ec301 Escherichia ESBL TEM-6 A X Z Z Y Y Y coli ECL1003 Enterobacter Hyper AmpC C ND Z Z Y Z Z cloacae expression EC1014 Escherichia pAmpC DHA-1 C ND Z Z Y Z Z coli KP1007 Klebsiella ESBL OXA-10 D Y Z Z Y Z Z pneumoniae KX1000 Klebsiella ESBL OXA-2 D X Z Z X Y Z oxytoca X = IC₅₀ of less than 0.1 μg/mL. Y = IC₅₀ of 0.1 μg/mL to 1 μg/mL. Z = IC₅₀ of greater than 1 μg/mL. ND = Not Determined.

TABLE 6 IC₅₀ (μg/mL) of inhibition of biapenem hydrolysis Strain Organism Description PCR Class Tazobactam 3 4 5 6 7 EC1007 Escherichia Serine KPC-3 A Z Y Y X X Z coli carbapenemase KP1004 Klebsiella Serine KPC-2 A Z Z Y X Y ND pneumoniae carbapenemase KP1008 Klebsiella Serine KPC-2 A Z Z Z Y Y ND pneumoniae carbapenemase SM1000 Serratia Serine SME-2 A Y Z Y X Y Z marcescens carbapenemase X = IC₅₀ of less than 0.1 μg/mL. Y = IC₅₀ of 0.1 μg/mL to 1 μg/mL. Z = IC₅₀ of greater than 1 μg/mL. ND = Not Determined.

The potency and spectrum of β-lactamase inhibitors is also determined by assessing their aztreonam potentiation activity in a dose titration potentiation assay using strains of various bacteria that are resistant to aztreonam due to expression of various β-lactamases. Aztreonam is a monobactam antibiotic and, similar to ceftazidime, is hydrolyzed by the majority of beta-lactamases that belong to class A, C or D (but not class B). The potentiation effect is observed as the ability of BLI compounds to inhibit growth in the presence of sub-inhibitory concentration of aztreonam. MIC of test strains vary from 32 μg/mL to >128 μg/mL. Aztreonam is present in the test medium at 4 μg/mL. Compounds were tested at the highest concentration of 40 μg/mL. In this assay potency of compounds is determined as a concentration of BLIs to inhibit growth of bacteria in the presence of 4 μg/mL of aztreonam (MPC_(@4)). Tables 7, 8 and 9 summarize BLI potency of aztreonam potentiation (MPC_(@4)) for various strains overexpressing class A (ESBLs), class A (KPCs), and class C and class D beta-lactamases, respectively. Aztreonam MIC for each strain is also shown. Table 7 summarizes activity of BLIs to potentiate aztreonam against strains expressing class A ESBLs. Table 8 summarizes activity of BLIs to potentiate aztreonam against strains expressing class A KPCs. Table 9 summarizes activity of BLIs to potentiate aztreonam against strains expressing class C and D enzymes.

TABLE 7 Aztreonam MIC (μg/mL) >128 >128 64 >128 32 128 >128 64 AZT AZT AZT AZT AZT AZT AZT AZT MPC₄ MPC₄ MPC₄ MPC₄ MPC₄ MPC₄ MPC₄ MPC₄ CTX-M-14 CTX-M-15 SHV-5 SHV-12 SHV-18 TEM-10 TEM-10 TEM-26 KP1005 KP1009 ec308 KP1010 KP1012 EC1009 ec302 ec304 Clavulanic 1.25 1.25 0.08 0.04 0.04 0.16 0.3 0.04 Acid Tazobactam 10 20 10 1.25 1.15 2.5 5 0.6 3 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z 4 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z 5 Z Y Y Y X Y Z Y 6 Z Z Z Y Y Y Z Y 7 Z Z Z Z Y X Y Y 33 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z 34 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z 35 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z 36 Z Z Z Y Y Z Z Y 37 Z Z Z Y X Y Z Y 38 Z Z Z Y Z Z Z Z 39 Z Z Z Z Y Z Z Y 40 Z Z Z Y Z Z Z Z 41 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z 42 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z 43 Z Z Z Y Y Y Z Y 45 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z 46 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z 47 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z 48 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z 49 Z Z Z Z Y Z Z Z 50 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z 51 Z Z Z Z Y Y Z Z 52 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z 53 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z 54 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z 55 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Y 56 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z 57 Z Z Z Z Y Z Z Z 58 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z 59 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z 60 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z 61 Z Z Z Y Y Z Z Z 62 X X X X X X Y X 63 Y Y Y X X Y Z Y 64 Y Y X X X Y Y X 65 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z 66 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z X = MPC_(@4) of less than 5 μg/mL. Y = MPC_(@4) of 5 μg/mL to 20 μg/mL. Z = MPC_(@4) of greater than 20 μg/mL. ND = Not Determined.

TABLE 8 Aztreonam MIC >128 64 >128 AZT MPC₄ AZT MPC₄ AZT MPC₄ KPC-2 KP1004 KPC-2 KP1008 KPC-3 EC1007 Clavulanic >40 20 40 Acid Tazobactam >40 >40 >40 3 X X X 4 X X X 5 X X X 6 X X X 33 X X X 34 X X X 35 Y X X 36 Z Z Z 37 X X X 38 Z X X 39 Y X X 40 Z Y Z 41 Y X X 42 Y X X 43 X X X 45 Z Y X 46 X X X 47 Z Y Y 48 X X X 49 X X X 50 X X X 51 X X X 52 Y X X 53 Y X X 54 Z X Y 55 Y X X 56 Y X X 57 X X X 58 Z Z Z 59 Z Z Z 60 Z Y Y 61 X X X 62 Y X Y 63 Z Y Y 64 Z X Y 65 Z Z Z 66 Y X X X = MPC_(@4) of less than 5 μg/mL. Y = MPC_(@4) of 5 μg/mL to 20 μg/mL. Z = MPC_(@4) of greater than 20 μg/mL. ND = Not Determined.

TABLE 9 Class C C C D D Aztreonam MIC 64 >128 32 128 128 AZT AZT MPC_(@4) AZT AZT MPC_(@4) AZT OXA-10, MPC_(@4) MPC_(@4) CMY-6 MPC_(@4) qnrB4 OXA-2, ECL1002 EC1010 PAM2035 KP1007 KPX1001 Clavulanic Acid >40 40 >40 0.08 5 Tazobactam >40 20 20 5 >40  3 Z Z Z Z Z  4 Y Y Z Z Z  5 Y Y X X Y  6 Y Z Y Y Z 33 Z Z Z Z Z 34 Z Z Z Z Z 35 Z Z Z Z Z 36 Z Z Z Y Z 37 Z Z Z Z X 38 Z Z Z Z Z 39 Z Z Z Z Z 40 Z Z Z Z Z 41 Z Z Z Z Z 42 Z Z Z Z Z 43 Y Y Y Z Y 45 Z Z Z Z Z 46 Z Z Z Z Z 47 Z Z Z Z Z 48 Z Z Z Z Z 49 Z Z Y Z Y 50 Z Z Z Z Y 51 Z Z Z Z Y 52 Z Z Z Z Z 53 Z Z Z Z Y 54 Z Z Z Z Z 55 Z Z Z Z Z 56 Z Z Z Z Y 57 Z Z Z Z Z 58 Z Z Z Z Z 59 Z Z Z Z Z 60 Z Z Z Z Z 61 Y Y Y Y Y 62 Z X X X Y 63 Y Y Y Y Y 64 Y Z Y X Y 65 Z Z Z Z Z 66 Z Z Z Z Z X = MPC_(@4) of less than 5 μg/mL. Y = MPC_(@4) of 5 μg/mL to 20 μg/mL. Z = MPC_(@4) of greater than 20 μg/mL. ND = Not Determined.

The potency and spectrum of β-lactamase inhibitors is also determined by assessing their biapenem potentiation activity in a dose titration potentiation assay using strains expressing serine carbapemenases (such as KPC). The potentiation effect is observed as the ability of BLI compounds to inhibit growth in the presence of sub-inhibitory concentration of biapenem. MIC of test strains vary from 4 μg/mL to >1 μg/mL. Biapenem is present in the test medium at 1 μg/mL. Compounds tested at the highest concentration of 40 μg/mL. In this assay potency of compounds is determined as a concentration of BLIs to inhibit growth of bacteria in the presence of 1 μg/mL of biapenem (MPC_(@1)). Table 10 summarizes BLI potency of biapenem potentiation (MPC_(@1)). Biapenem MIC for each strain is also shown.

TABLE 10 Biapenem MIC >8 8 4 8 BPM BPM BPM BPM MPC_(@1) MPC_(@1) MPC_(@1) MPC_(@1) KP1004 KP1008 EC1007 ECL1004 KPC-2 KPC-2 KPC-3 NMC-A Tazobactam 40 0.3 5 0.6 3 X X X Y 4 X X X X 5 X X X X 6 X X X X 33 X X X X 34 X X X Y 35 X X X Y 36 Z X Y X 37 X X X X 38 X X X X 39 X X X X 40 Y X Y Y 41 X X X Y 42 X X X Y 43 X X X X 45 Y X X Z 46 X X X X 47 Y X X Z 48 X X X X 49 X X X X 50 X X X X 51 X X X Y 52 X X X Y 53 X X X Y 54 X X X X 55 X X X X 56 X X X X 57 X X X X 58 Z Z Z Z 59 Y X X X 60 X X X X 61 X X X X 62 X X X X 63 Y X Y Y 64 Y X X X 65 Y X Y Z 66 X X X X X = MFC_(@1) of less than 1 μg/mL. Y = MFC_(@1) of 1 μg/mL to 5 μg/mL. Z = MFC_(@1) of greater than 5 μg/mL. ND = Not Determined.

Some bacterial lysates were also optimized for the cleavage of aztreonam and nitrocefin. EC₅₀ of inhibition was determined by plotting the rate of aztreonam or nitrocefin cleavage vs. BLI concentration. The results of these experiments are presented in Table 11. These experiments confirmed that the described compounds are inhibitors with a broad-spectrum activity towards various β-lactamases.

TABLE 11 AZT IC₅₀ AZT IC₅₀ AZT IC₅₀ AZT IC₅₀ AZT IC₅₀ AZT IC₅₀ AZT IC₅₀ AZT IC₅₀ AZT IC₅₀ NCF IC₅₀ KP1005 KP1009 ec302 ec304 KP1004 KP1008 EC1007 KP1007 KPX1001 EC1010 CTX-M-14 CTX-M-15 TEM-10 TEM-26 KPC-2 KPC-2 KPC-3 OXA-10 OXA-2 pAmpC (CMY-6) Clavulanic 0.0548 0.247 0.027 0.027 0.74 2.22 1.48 1.48 0.08 ND Acid Tazobactam <0.0274 0.027 0.055 0.027 0.74 2.22 0.74 4.44 0.0274 ND 3 X Z Z Z X Y X Z Z Z 4 X Y Z Z X X X Z Z Z 5 X Y Z Z X X X Z X Z 6 X X Z Z X X X Z Y Z 33 X Z Z Z Y Y X Z Y Z 34 Z Z Z Z Y Y X Z Z Z 35 Z Z Z Z Z Z X Z Z Z 36 X X X X Y Y X Z Z Z 37 X X Z Z X X X Y Y X 38 X Y Z Y X X X Z Y Y 39 Y Y Z Y X Y X Z Y Z 40 X X Z Y Y Z Y Y X Y 41 Z Z Z Z X X X Z Z Z 42 Z Z Z Z X X X Z Z Z 43 Y Z Z Z X X X Z Y Z 45 Z Z Z Z Y Y X Z Z Z 46 Z Z Z Z X X X Z Z Z 47 Z Z Z Z Y Y X Z Z Z 48 Y Z Z Z X Y X Z Y Z 49 Y Z Z Z X X X Z Y Z 50 Y Z Z Z X X X Z Z Z 51 Z Z Z Z X X X Z Y Y 52 Z Z Z Z X Y Y Z Z Z 53 Z Z Z Z X Y Y Z Y Z 54 X Z Z Z X X X Z Y Y 55 Y Z Z Y X X X Z Y Z 56 X Y Z Z X X X Z Y Y 57 X Z Z Z X X X Z Z Z 58 Y Z Z Z X X X Z Z Z 59 Z Z Z Z Y X Y Z Y Z 60 Y Y Z Z X X X Z Y Y 61 Y Z Z Z X X X Z Y Z 62 Y Y Z Y Y X X Z Z Z 63 Y Y Z Z Y Y Y Z Y Y 65 Y Z Z Z Y Y Z Z Y Z 66 Y Z Z Z X X X Z X Z X = IC₅₀ of less than 0.5 μg/mL. Y = IC₅₀ of 0.5 μg/mL to 2 μg/mL. Z = IC₅₀ of greater than 2 μg/mL. ND = Not Determined.

Example 13

Selected β-lactamase inhibitors were also tested for their ability to potentiate the monobactam tigemonam. The potentiation effect is observed as the ability of BLI compounds to inhibit growth in the presence of sub-inhibitory concentration of tigemonam. MIC of test strains vary from 8 μg/mL to >128 μg/mL. Tigemonam is present in the test medium at 4 μg/mL. Compounds tested at the highest concentration of 40 μg/mL. In this assay potency of compounds is determined as a concentration of BLIs to inhibit growth of bacteria in the presence of 4 μg/mL of aztreonam (MPC_(@4)). Tables 12 and 13 summarize BLI potency of tigemonam potentiation (MPC_(@4)) for various strains overexpressing class A (ESBLs), class C and class D beta-lactamases, respectively. Tigemonam MIC for each strain is also shown. Table 12 summarizes activity of BLIs to potentiate tigemonam against strains expressing class A ESBLs. Table 13 summarizes activity of BLIs to potentiate aztreonam against strains expressing class C and D enzymes.

TABLE 12 Tigemonam MIC (μg/mL) 512 256 >512 256 64 256 >512 512 MPC₄ MPC₄ MPC₄ MPC₄ MPC₄ MPC₄ MPC₄ MPC₄ CTX-M-14 CTX-M-15 SHV-5 SHV-12 SHV-18 TEM-10 TEM-10 TEM-26 KP1005 KP1009 ec308 KP1010 KP1012 EC1009 ec302 ec304 Tazobactam 10 10 5 1.25 1.25 2.5 5 1.25 Clavulanic 2.5 1.25 <=0.6 <=0.6 <=0.6 <=0.6 2.5 <=0.6 Acid 5 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z 9 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z 18 X X Y X X X Y Y 37 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z 48 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z 63 Z Y Z Y Y Z Z Z 64 Z Y Y X Y Y Z Z 67 Z Y Z Y Y Z Z Z 68 Y Y Y X X Y Y Y X = MPC_(@4) of less than 2 μg/mL. Y = MPC_(@4) of 2 μg/mL to 10 μg/mL. Z = MPC_(@4) of greater than 10 μg/mL. ND = Not Determined.

TABLE 13 Class C C C D S Tigemonam MIC (μg/mL) 32 16 8 256 8 MPC₄ MPC₄ MPC₄ MPC₄ CMY-6, MPC₄ OXA-10, OXA-2, ECL1002 EC1010 PAM2035 KP1007 KPX1001 Tazobactam 10 2.5 5 5 40 Clavulanic Acid >40 40 >40 <=0.6 1.25  5 Y X X Z X  9 Y Y Y Z X 18 Y X X Y Y 37 X X X Z X 48 Y X Y Z X 63 Y X Y Y X 64 X X Y X Y 67 Y X X Z X 68 Y X Y X X X = MPC_(@4) of less than 2 μg/mL. Y = MPC_(@4) of 2 μg/mL to 10 μg/mL. Z = MPC_(@4) of greater than 10 μg/mL. ND = Not Determined.

Example 14

Checkerboard assays were used to evaluate the ability of Compound 5 to potentiate various carbapenems (biapenem, doripenem, ertapenem, imipenem, and meropenem) against the strains expressing KPC alone or in combination with additional beta-lactamases. The highest concentration of Compound 5 was 10 mg/L. The results are present in the Table 14. Compound 5 was capable to significantly potentiate multiple carbapenems.

TABLE 14 Concentration of Compound 5 (mg/L) to Potentiate Carbapenem (mg/L) Organism Strain Enzymes Antibiotic 0 0.16 0.31 0.625 1.25 2.5 5 10 Klebsiella KP1004 KPC-2 Biapenem Z X X X X X X X pneumoniae Klebsiella KP1004 KPC-2 Doripenem Y Y X X X X X X pneumoniae Klebsiella KP1004 KPC-2 Ertapenem Z Z Y Y X X X X pneumoniae Klebsiella KP1004 KPC-2 Imipenem Z X X X X X X X pneumoniae Klebsiella KP1004 KPC-2 Meropenem Z Y Y X X X X X pneumoniae Klebsiella KP1008 KPC-2 Biapenem Z X X X X X NG NG pneumoniae Klebsiella KP1008 KPC-2 Doripenem Y X X X X X NG NG pneumoniae Klebsiella KP1008 KPC-2 Ertapenem Z X X X X X NG NG pneumoniae Klebsiella KP1008 KPC-2 Imipenem Y X X X X X NG NG pneumoniae Klebsiella KP1008 KPC-2 Meropenem Y X X X X X NG NG pneumoniae Klebsiella KP1082 KPC-2, Biapenem Y X X X X X X X pneumoniae SHV-1 Klebsiella KP1082 KPC-2, Doripenem Y X X X X X X X pneumoniae SHV-1 Klebsiella KP1082 KPC-2, Ertapenem Y X X X X X X X pneumoniae SHV-1 Klebsiella KP1082 KPC-2, Imipenem Y X X X X X X X pneumoniae SHV-1 Klebsiella KP1082 KPC-2, Meropenem Y X X X X X X X pneumoniae SHV-1 Klebsiella KP1087 KPC-2, Biapenem Z Z Z Z Y Y X X pneumoniae CTX-M-15, SHV-11, TEM-1 Klebsiella KP1087 KPC-2, Doripenem Z Z Z Z Z Y Y X pneumoniae CTX-M-15, SHV-11, TEM-1 Klebsiella KP1087 KPC-2, Ertapenem Z Z Z Z Z Z Y Y pneumoniae CTX-M-15, SHV-11, TEM-1 Klebsiella KP1087 KPC-2, Imipenem Z Y Y Y Y Y X X pneumoniae CTX-M-15, SHV-11, TEM-1 Klebsiella KP1087 KPC-2, Meropenem Z Z Z Z Z Y Y X pneumoniae CTX-M-15, SHV-11, TEM-1 Klebsiella KX1019 KPC-2, Biapenem Z Y Y Y Y Y X X oxytoca OXA-2 Klebsiella KX1019 KPC-2, Doripenem Y Y Y Y X X X X oxytoca OXA-2 Klebsiella KX1019 KPC-2, Ertapenem Z Y Y Y Y Y X X oxytoca OXA-2 Klebsiella KX1019 KPC-2, Imipenem Y Y Y Y X X X X oxytoca OXA-2 Klebsiella KX1019 KPC-2, Meropenem Y Y Y X X X X X oxytoca OXA-2 Klebsiella KX1017 KPC-2, Biapenem Y Y Y X X X X X oxytoca OXA-2, SHV-30 Klebsiella KX1017 KPC-2, Doripenem Y Y Y Y X X X X oxytoca OXA-2, SHV-30 Klebsiella KX1017 KPC-2, Ertapenem Z Y Y Y Y X X X oxytoca OXA-2, SHV-30 Klebsiella KX1017 KPC-2, Imipenem Z Y X X X X X X oxytoca OXA-2, SHV-30 Klebsiella KX1017 KPC-2, Meropenem Y Y Y X X X X X oxytoca OXA-2, SHV-30 Klebsiella KX1018 KPC-2, Biapenem Z X X X X X NG NG oxytoca SHV-40, OXY-1 Klebsiella KX1018 KPC-2, Doripenem Y X X X X X NG NG oxytoca SHV-40, OXY-1 Klebsiella KX1018 KPC-2, Ertapenem Z X X X X X NG NG oxytoca SHV-40, OXY-1 Klebsiella KX1018 KPC-2, Imipenem Y X X X X X NG NG oxytoca SHV-40, OXY-1 Klebsiella KX1018 KPC-2, Meropenem Y X X X X X NG NG oxytoca SHV-40, OXY-1 Escherichia EC1007 KPC-3 Biapenem Z X X X X X X X coli Escherichia EC1007 KPC-3 Doripenem Y X X X X X X X coli Escherichia EC1007 KPC-3 Ertapenem Z X X X X X X X coli Escherichia EC1007 KPC-3 Imipenem Z X X X X X X X coli Escherichia EC1007 KPC-3 Meropenem Y X X X X X X X coli Enterobacter ECL1058 KPC-3, Biapenem Z Y Y Y X X X X cloacae SHV-11, TEM-1 Enterobacter ECL1058 KPC-3, Doripenem Z Y Y Y Y X X X cloacae SHV-11, TEM-1 Enterobacter ECL1058 KPC-3, Ertapenem Z Z Z Z Y Y X X cloacae SHV-11, TEM-1 Enterobacter ECL1058 KPC-3, Imipenem Z Y Y Y X X X X cloacae SHV-11, TEM-1 Enterobacter ECL1058 KPC-3, Meropenem Z Y Y Y Y X X X cloacae SHV-11, TEM-1 Enterobacter ECL1059 KPC-3, Biapenem Y X X X X X X X cloacae SHV-12, TEM-1 Enterobacter ECL1059 KPC-3, Doripenem Y X X X X X X X cloacae SHV-12, TEM-1 Enterobacter ECL1059 KPC-3, Ertapenem Y X X X X X X X cloacae SHV-12, TEM-1 Enterobacter ECL1059 KPC-3, Imipenem Y X X X X X X X cloacae SHV-12, TEM-1 Enterobacter ECL1059 KPC-3, Meropenem Y X X X X X X X cloacae SHV-12, TEM-1 Klebsiella KP1083 KPC-3, Biapenem Z Y X X X X X X pneumoniae SHV-1, TEM-1 Klebsiella KP1083 KPC-3, Doripenem Z Y X X X X X X pneumoniae SHV-1, TEM-1 Klebsiella KP1083 KPC-3, Ertapenem Z Y X X X X X X pneumoniae SHV-1, TEM-1 Klebsiella KP1083 KPC-3, Imipenem Z Y X X X X X X pneumoniae SHV-1, TEM-1 Klebsiella KP1083 KPC-3, Meropenem Z Y X X X X X X pneumoniae SHV-1, TEM-1 Klebsiella KP1084 KPC-3, Biapenem Z Z Z Z Z Y X X pneumoniae SHV-11, TEM-1 Klebsiella KP1084 KPC-3, Doripenem Z Z Z Z Y Y Y X pneumoniae SHV-11, TEM-1 Klebsiella KP1084 KPC-3, Ertapenem Z Z Z Z Z Z Y Y pneumoniae SHV-11, TEM-1 Klebsiella KP1084 KPC-3, Imipenem Z Z Z Y Y Y X X pneumoniae SHV-11, TEM-1 Klebsiella KP1084 KPC-3, Meropenem Z Z Z Z Z Y Y X pneumoniae SHV-11, TEM-1 Klebsiella KP1088 KPC-3, Biapenem Z Y X X X X X X pneumoniae SHV-11, TEM-1 Klebsiella KP1088 KPC-3, Doripenem Y Y Y X X X X X pneumoniae SHV-11, TEM-1 Klebsiella KP1088 KPC-3, Ertapenem Z Z Y X X X X X pneumoniae SHV-11, TEM-1 Klebsiella KP1088 KPC-3, Imipenem Z Y X X X X X X pneumoniae SHV-11, TEM-1 Klebsiella KP1088 KPC-3, Meropenem Z Y Y X X X X X pneumoniae SHV-11, TEM-1 X = MIC of less than 0.5 mg/L. Y = MIC of 0.5 mg/L to 4 mg/L. Z = MIC of greater than 4 mg/L. NG = No Growth.

Example 15

An in vivo model can be used to evaluate the single dose pharmacokinetic properties and absolute oral bioavailability of a test compound. As described more specifically below, a test compound is administered to Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats either intravenously or orally in a crossover study design and the resulting pharmacokinetic properties and oral bioavailability are measured.

For intravenous administration, male rats were given a 30 minutes intravenous infusion dose of 20 or 50 mg/kg of Compound 5 via femoral vein cannula. Plasma samples (0.3 ml) were collected from jugular vein cannula at 0.17, 0.33, 0.47, 0.58, 0.68, 0.75, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 hrs after the dosing. For oral administration, male rats were given 50 mg/kg of Compound 5 (in saline) or Compound 62 (in 100% ethanol) orally using an oral gavage tip. Plasma samples were collected from each rat at 0.08, 0.17, 0.25, 0.33, 0.50, 0.75, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 hrs after the dosing.

Plasma concentrations of the compounds were tested using LC/MS/MS method with a lower limit of quantification of 10 ng/mL for Compound 5 and 100 ng/mL for Compound 62. Extraction: 50 μL volumes of plasma from samples and standards were extracted using 200 μL of methanol with 100 mM ammonium acetate, 2 μg/mL gatifloxacin (internal standard for Compound 62) and 2 ug/mL Compound 38 (internal standard for Compound 5). The samples were mixed and centrifuged for 30 min at 3000×g. 150 μL of supernatant was removed and added to 450 μL of water.

HPLC—mass spectrometry: An Agilent 1100HPLC pump, HTC PAL autosampler and a Sciex 3200Q mass spectrometer were used for separation and quantification. Compound 62 and its internal standard were detected using +ESI. Compound 5 and its internal standard were detected using −ESI. LC/MS/MS: 1) Column: Chromolith FastGradient RP-18e, 50×2 mm; 2) Mobile phase A: Aqueous Water with 0.1% TFA, Orgainic phase B: Acetonitrile with 0.1% TFA; Flow Rate: 600 μL/min; Injection volume: 10 μL; HPLC gradient: 5% B→60% B, 0.01→1.5 min; 60% B, 1.5→1.6 min; 60% B→5% B, 1.6→1.7 min; 5% B, 1.7→2.7 min.

Plasma concentrations were modeled using WinNonlin® (Pharsight Corp, Mountain View, Calif.).

In this experiment, three male Sprague Dawley rats were given Compound 5 by intravenous or oral route. At designated time points, bloods were collected and analyzed. As shown in the above Table 15 and FIG. 1, Compound 5 has a linear PK in rats. However, Compound 5 it is not orally absorbed.

TABLE 15 Cmax CL/F AUC Route of Adm Dose/(mg/kg) T_(1/2) (hr) (mg/L) (L/h/kg) (mg * h/L) IV 20 1.56 19.82 1.65 12.15 IV 50 4.53 45.93 1.77 28.19 PO 50 1.55 0.29 60.38 0.81

In this experiment, three male Sprague dawley rats were given Compound 5 by intravenous or Compound 62 orally (pro-drug for Compound 5). Plasma samples were collected at designated time points and analyzed for the presence of Compound 5. This study was designed to determine the oral bioavailability of Compound 62 a pro-drug of Compound 5. Male rats (non-fasted) were orally administered 50 mg/kg of the prodrug Compound 62. As shown in FIG. 2, the pro-drug of Compound 5 has oral bioavailability of greater than 80%.

Polymorphs can be detected, identified, classified and characterized using well-known techniques such as, but not limited to, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TGA) and powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD).

Example 16

The crystal structure of Compound 5 was analyzed using X-ray powder diffraction (“PXRD”). The X-ray diffraction data were collected at room temperature using a PANalytical X'Pert Pro diffractometer (Cu Kα radiation) fitted with an automatic sample changer, a theta-theta goniometer, automatic beam divergence slits, a secondary monochromator and a scintillation counter. Samples were prepared for analysis by packing the powder into a 12 mm diameter, 0.25 mm deep cavity that had been cut into a Si zero-background wafer specimen mount. The sample was rotated while being irradiated with copper K-alpha 1 X-rays (wavelength=1.5406 Angstroms) with the X-ray tube operated at 45 kV/40 mA. The analyses were performed with the goniometer running in continuous mode set for a 5 second count per 0.02° step over a two theta range of 2° to 55°. The illustrative PXRD pattern for Compound 5 is shown in FIG. 3.

As will be appreciated by the skilled crystallographer, the relative intensities of the various peaks reported in FIG. 3 may vary due to a number of factors such as orientation effects of crystals in the X-ray beam or the purity of the material being analyzed or the degree of crystallinity of the sample. The peak positions may also shift for variations in sample height but the peak positions will remain substantially as defined in FIG. 3. The skilled crystallographer also will appreciate that measurements using a different wavelength will result in different shifts according to the Bragg equation—nλ=2d sin θ. Such further PXRD patterns generated by use of alternative wavelengths are considered to be alternative representations of the PXRD patterns of the crystalline materials of the present invention and as such are within the scope of the present invention.

Table 16 lists peak positions and relative intensities for the PXRD pattern of FIG. 3. Accordingly, some embodiments include a crystalline form of Compound 5 having three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, or ten or more characteristic PXRD (wavelength=1.5406 Å) peaks selected from 9.0°, 15.7°, 17.3°, 17.6°, 18.1°, 21.3°, 22.4°, 23.5°, 24.9°, 27.2°, 27.4°, 28.1°, 29.1°, 31.2°, and 35.7° 2θ. Some embodiments include a crystalline form of Compound 5 having three or more, four or more, five or more, or six characteristic PXRD (wavelength=1.5406 A) peaks selected from 9.0°, 17.3°, 17.6°, 18.1°, 22.4°, and 27.2° 2θ. Some embodiments include a crystalline form of Compound 5 having characteristic PXRD (wavelength=1.5406 Å) peaks at 9.1°, 17.3°, 17.6°, and 18.1° 2θ.

TABLE 16 °2θ Area [cts°2θ] d-spacing [Å] 9.0088 870.8 9.80831 12.0132 29.19 7.36118 13.2369 19.12 6.68332 15.4527 55.73 5.72961 16.6911 41.97 5.30719 17.3464 285.76 5.10815 17.59 171.25 5.03794 18.1212 475.59 4.89145 19.9585 23.95 4.4451 20.1214 18.12 4.40949 21.3328 84.5 4.16175 22.4035 147.38 3.96521 22.9212 39.45 3.87681 23.48 60.99 3.78579 24.8881 77.52 3.5747 26.1352 20.92 3.40689 26.3458 20.23 3.38013 27.2278 162.9 3.27261 27.357 50.29 3.25744 28.0871 54.62 3.17441 29.0644 51.29 3.06985 29.63 30.23 3.01253 30.1989 19.34 2.95706 31.2457 65.66 2.86033 32.1641 32.04 2.78073 33.7983 19.84 2.64992 35.1614 21.23 2.55025 35.6871 57.8 2.51388 36.5979 22 2.45338 37.7599 33.73 2.3805 39.8439 31.99 2.26066

As is well understood in the art, because of the experimental variability when X-ray diffraction patterns are measured on different instruments, the peak positions are assumed to be equal if the two theta (20) values agree to within 0.2° (i.e., ±0.2°). For example, the United States Pharmacopoeia states that if the angular setting of the 10 strongest diffraction peaks agree to within ±0.2° with that of a reference material, and the relative intensities of the peaks do not vary by more than 20%, the identity is confirmed. Accordingly, peak positions within 0.2° of the positions recited herein are assumed to be identical.

Example 17

DSC measure thermal transition temperatures at which a crystalline form absorbs or releases heat when its crystal structure changes or it melts. TGA is used to measure thermal stability and the fraction of volatile components of a sample by monitoring the weight change as the sample is heated. If infrared spectroscopy is conducted on the volatile components outgassed during TGA analysis of a pseudopolymorph (TGA-IR), then the molecular composition of the pseudopolymorph can be determined. These techniques are thus useful for characterizing solid state forms existing as solvates and/or hydrates.

Compound 5 was analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A TA Instruments Q100 differential scanning calorimeter equipped with an autosampler and a refrigerated cooling system under 40 mL/min N₂ purge was used to perform the analysis. Each sample was heated from 25 to 300° C. at 15° C. per minute in an aluminium pan with the lid laid on top, with a nitrogen purge gas. The data from DSC analyses are dependent on several factors, including the rate of heating, the purity of the sample, crystal size, and sample size. The DSC thermogram obtained for the sample of Compound 5 is shown in FIG. 4 overlayed with the TGA thermogram. These data reveal a single endothermic transition at 155° C.

Thermogravimetric-infrared (TG-IR) Analysis was preformed on a TA Instruments Q5000 thermogravimetric analyzer interfaced to a Nicolet 6700 FT-IR spectrometer (Thermo Electron) equipped with an external TGA-IR module with a gas flow cell and DTGS detector. The FT-IR wavelength verification was performed using polystyrene, and the TG calibration standards were nickel and Alumel™. The sample was placed in a platinum or aluminium sample pan, and the pan was inserted into the TG furnace. The TG instrument was started first, immediately followed by the FT-IR instrument. The TG instrument was operated under a flow of helium at 90 and 10 cc/min for the purge and balance, respectively. The furnace was heated under nitrogen at a rate of 15° C./minute to a final temperature of 230° C. IR spectra were collected approximately every 32 seconds for approximately 13 minutes. Each IR spectrum used 32 co-added scans collected at a spectral resolution of 4 cm⁻¹. The TGA thermogram obtained for the sample of Compound 5 is shown in FIG. 4 overlayed with the DSC thermogram. These TGA data with IR analysis of the evolved gas indicate that the input material is non-solvated but loses one mole-equivalent of water between 135 and 181° C.

All references cited herein, including but not limited to published and unpublished applications, patents, and literature references, are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and are hereby made a part of this specification. To the extent publications and patents or patent applications incorporated by reference contradict the disclosure contained in the specification, the specification is intended to supersede and/or take precedence over any such contradictory material.

The term “comprising” as used herein is synonymous with “including,” “containing,” or “characterized by,” and is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps.

All numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth herein are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of any claims in any application claiming priority to the present application, each numerical parameter should be construed in light of the number of significant digits and ordinary rounding approaches.

The above description discloses several methods and materials that are susceptible to modifications, as well as alterations in the fabrication methods and equipment. Such modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art from a consideration of this disclosure or practice of the methods disclosed herein. Consequently, it is not intended that this invention be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed herein, but that it cover all modifications and alternatives coming within the true scope and spirit of the invention. 

1.-66. (canceled)
 67. A method of preparing a compound of formula (I):

wherein: Y is a 1-4 atom alkylene or 2-4 atom alkenylene linker, optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of Cl, F, CN, CF₃, —R⁹, —OR⁹, —C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, and —C(═O)OR⁹; R¹ is selected from a group consisting of —C₁₋₉alkyl, —C₂₋₉alkenyl, —C₂₋₉alkynyl, —NR⁹R¹⁰, —C₁₋₉alkylR¹¹, —C₂₋₉alkenylR¹¹, —C₂₋₉alkynylR¹¹, -carbocyclyl-R¹¹, —CH(OH)C₁₋₉alkylR⁹, —CH(OH)C₂₋₉alkenylR⁹, —CH(OH)C₂₋₉alkynylR⁹, —CH(OH)carbocyclyl-R⁹, —C(═O)R⁹, —C(═O)C₁₋₉alkylR⁹, —C(═O)C₂₋₉alkenylR⁹, —C(═O)C₂₋₉alkynylR⁹, —C(═O)C₂₋₉carbocyclyl-R⁹, —C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)C(═O)R⁹, —N(R⁹)C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)C(═O)OR⁹, —N(R⁹)C(═O)C(═NR¹⁰)R⁹, —N(R⁹)C(═O)C(═CR⁹R¹⁰)R⁹, —N(R⁹)C(═O)C₁₋₄alkylN(R⁹)C(═O)R⁹, —N(R⁹)C(═NR¹⁰)R⁹, —C(═NR¹⁰)NR⁹R¹⁰, N═C(R⁹)NR⁹R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)SO₂R⁹, —N(R⁹)SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰, —N═CHR⁹ substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; R⁶ is selected from a group consisting of H, —C₁₋₉alkyl, C₂₋₉alkenyl, —C₂₋₉alkynyl, carbocyclyl, —C₁₋₉alkylR¹¹, —C₂₋₉alkenylR¹¹, —C₂₋₉alkynylR¹¹, carbocyclyl-R¹¹, —C(═O)OR⁹, —C₁₋₉alkylCO₂R⁹, —C₂₋₉alkenylCO₂R⁹, —C₂₋₉alkynylCO₂R⁹, and -carbocyclyl-CO₂R⁹, or alternatively: (i) R⁶ and an R⁷ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, or (ii) R⁶ is absent when the carbon to which it is attached is a ring atom in an aryl or heteroaryl ring; each R⁷ is independently selected from a group consisting of H, halo, —C₁₋₉alkyl, —C₂₋₉alkenyl, —C₂₋₉alkynyl, —NR⁹R¹⁰, —OR⁹, —C₁₋₉alkylCO₂R⁹, —C₂₋₉alkenylCO₂R⁹, —C₂₋₉alkynylCO₂R⁹, and -carbocyclyl-CO₂R⁹, or independently: (i) R⁶ and an R⁷ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, or (ii) R⁷ and an R⁸ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; each R⁸ is independently selected from a group consisting of H, halo, —C₁₋₉alkyl, —C₂₋₉alkenyl, —C₂₋₉alkynyl, —NR⁹R¹⁰, —OR⁹, —C₁₋₉alkylCO₂R⁹, —C₂₋₉alkenylCO₂R⁹, —C₂₋₉alkynylCO₂R⁹, -carbocyclyl-CO₂R⁹, or independently: (i) R⁷ and an R⁸ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, (ii) a geminal R⁷ and R⁸ together form —C₂₋₉ alkenylenylCO₂R⁹, or (iii) each R⁸ attached to a ring atom forming part of a substituted or unsubstituted aryl is absent; each R⁹ is independently selected from a group consisting of H, —C₁₋₉alkyl, C₂₋₉alkenyl, —C₂₋₉alkynyl, carbocyclyl, —C₁₋₉alkylR¹¹, —C₂₋₉alkenylR¹¹, —C ₂₋₉alkynylR¹¹, -carbocyclyl-R¹¹, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; each R¹⁰ is independently selected from a group consisting of H, —C₁₋₉alkyl, —OR⁹, —CH(═NH), —C(═O)OR⁹, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; each R¹¹ is independently selected from a group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; X is selected from a group consisting of —CO₂R¹², and a carboxylic acid isostere: R¹² is selected from a group consisting of H, C₁₋₉alkyl, —(CH₂)₀₋₃—R₁₁, —C(R¹³)₂OC(O)C₁₋₉alkyl, —C(R¹³)₂OC(O)R¹¹, —C(R¹³)₂OC(O)OC₁₋₉alkyl and —C(R¹³)₂OC(O)OR¹¹; each R¹³ is independently selected from a group consisting of H and C₁₋₄alkyl; and m is independently zero or an integer from 1 to 2, wherein each C₁₋₉alkyl, C₂₋₉alkenyl, and C²⁻⁹alkynyl is independently optionally substituted; the method comprising: deprotecting and cyclizing a pinanediol boronic ester to obtain a compound of formula (I).
 68. The method of claim of 67, wherein the pinanediol boronic ester comprises a hydroxyl protecting group selected from the group consisting of trityl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, and benzyl.
 69. The method of claim of 67, wherein the deprotection and cyclization comprises contacting the pinanediol boronic ester with a reagent selected from the group consisting of HCl, BCl₃, BBr₃, and CF₃COOH.
 70. The method of claim 67, wherein the pinanediol boronic ester comprises a tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy (TBS) group and a tert-butyl ester group.
 71. The method of claim 67, wherein the pinanediol boronic ester derivative has the structure of formula (XII):

wherein: R² and R⁴ are independently selected from a group consisting of H, Cl, F, CN, CF₃, —R⁹, —OR⁹, —C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, and —C(═O)OR⁹; or alternatively, an R² and R⁴ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; R³ and R⁵are independently selected from a group consisting of H, Cl, F, CN, CF₃, —R⁹, —OR⁹, —C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, and —C(═O)OR⁹; R^(a) is selected from the group consisting of —R⁹, —NR⁹R¹⁰, —OR⁹, —C(═NR¹⁰)R⁹, —C(═CR⁹R¹⁰)R⁹, —C₁₋₄alkylN(R⁹)C(═O)R⁹, —C₁₋₉alkylR¹¹, and —C(═NOR⁹)R^(9′); R^(9′) is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₉alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl and substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; and R¹¹ is substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
 72. The method of claim 71, wherein the pinanediol boronic ester derivative is obtained by a step selected from coupling a bis-trimethylsilyl (TMS)₂ amine derivative with R^(a)COOH, or reacting a bis-trimethylsilyl (TMS)₂ amine derivative with R^(a)COCl.
 73. The method of claim 72, wherein the bis-trimethylsilyl amine derivative has the structure of formula (XI):


74. The method of claim 73, wherein the bis-trimethylsilyl (TMS)₂ amine derivative is obtained by displacing a chloro group of a compound of formula (X):


75. The method of claim 74, wherein displacing a chloro group is achieved in the presence of lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide.
 76. The method of claim 74, wherein the compound of formula (X) is obtained by homologation of a compound of formula (IX):


77. The method of claim 76, wherein the homologation is achieved in the presence of dichloromethane and n-butyllithium.
 78. The method of claim 67, wherein the pinanediol boronic ester has the structure of formula (XLII):


79. The method of claim 78, wherein the pinanediol boronic ester is obtained by reacting a bis-trimethylsilyl (TMS)₂ amine derivative having the following structure:

with a compound having the following structure:


80. The method of claim 79, wherein the bis-trimethylsilyl (TMS)₂ amine derivative is obtained by displacing a chloro group of a compound of formula (XL):


81. The method of claim 80, wherein the compound of formula (XL) is obtained by homologation of a compound of formula (XXXIX):


82. The method of claim 67, wherein the pinanediol boronic ester has the structure of formula (XV):

wherein: R² and R⁴ are independently selected from a group consisting of H, Cl, F, CN, CF₃, —R⁹, —OR⁹, —C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, and —C(═O)OR⁹; or alternatively, an R² and R⁴ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; R³ and R⁵ are independently selected from a group consisting of H, Cl, F, CN, CF₃, —R⁹, —OR⁹, —C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, and —C(═O)OR⁹; and R^(c) is R¹.
 83. The method of claim 82, wherein the pinanediol boronic ester is obtained by displacing a bromo group of a bromo-compound of formula (XIV):


84. The method of claim 83, wherein displacing a bromo group is achieved using an agent selected from the group consisting of an α-alkoxy substituted alkyllithium agent, an organomagnesium reagent, a sodium salt of an alkyl derivative, and a sodium salt of an aryl carbamate derivative.
 85. The method of claim 67, wherein the pinanediol boronic ester has the structure of formula (XXV):

wherein: R² and R⁴ are independently selected from a group consisting of H, Cl, F, CN, CF₃, —R⁹, —OR⁹, —C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, and —C(═O)OR⁹; or alternatively, an R² and R⁴ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; R³ and R⁵ are independently selected from a group consisting of H, Cl, F, CN, CF₃, —R⁹, —OR⁹, —C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, and —C(═O)OR⁹; R^(a), R^(b), R^(c) and R^(d) are each independently selected from a group consisting of H, Cl, F, CN, CF₃, —R⁹, —OR⁹, —C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, and —C(═O)OR⁹; R′ is a hydroxyl protection group; R″ is selected from a group consisting of H, C₁₋₉alkyl, —(CH₂)₀₋₃—R₁₁, —C(R¹³)₂OC(O)C₁₋₉alkyl, —C(R¹³)₂OC(O)R¹¹, —C(R¹³)₂OC(O)OC₁₋₉alkyl and —C(R¹³)₂OC(O)OR¹¹; each R¹³ is independently selected from a group consisting of H and C₁₋₄alkyl; and p and q are selected from 0, 1 or 2, such that the sum of p and q is 1 or
 2. 86. The method of claim 85, wherein the pinanediol boronic ester is obtained by Matteson homologation of a formula (XXIV):


87. The method of claim 67, wherein the pinanediol boronic ester has the structure of formula (XXXIV):

wherein: R² and R⁴ are independently selected from a group consisting of H, Cl, F, CN, CF₃, —R⁹, —OR⁹, —C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, and —C(═O)OR⁹; or alternatively, an R² and R⁴ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; R³ and R⁵are independently selected from a group consisting of H, Cl, F, CN, CF₃, —R⁹, —OR⁹, —C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, and —C(═O)OR⁹; R^(a) is selected from the group consisting of —R⁹, —NR⁹R¹⁰, —OR⁹, —C(═NR¹⁰)R⁹, —C(═CR⁹R¹⁰)R⁹, —C₁₋₄alkylN(R⁹)C(═O)R⁹, —C₁₀₉alkylR¹¹, and —C(═NOR⁹)R^(9′); and R^(9′) is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₉alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl and substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl.
 88. The method of claim 87, wherein the pinanediol boronic ester is obtained by trans-esterification of a pinacol boronate of formula (XXXIII):


89. The method of claim 88, wherein the trans-esterification is achieved by reacting the pinacol boronate with a pinane diol in the presence of tetrahydrofuran.
 90. The method of claim 88, wherein the pinacol boronate is obtained using iridium catalysis with a tert-butyldimethylsilyl compound of formula (XXXII):


91. The method of claim 67, wherein the compound of formula (I) has the structure of formula (II):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: the bond represented by a dashed and solid line represents a bond selected from the group consisting of a single bond and a double bond with the proviso that the dashed and solid line can only be a double bond when n is 1; R² and R⁴ are independently selected from a group consisting of Cl, F, CN, CF₃, —R⁹, —OR⁹, —C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, and —C(═O)OR⁹; R³ and R⁵ are independently selected from a group consisting of Cl, F, CN, CF₃, —R⁹, —OR⁹, —C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, and —C(═O)OR⁹, with the proviso that if the bond represented by a dashed and solid line is a double bond then R³ and R⁵ are absent; and n is independently zero or an integer from 1 to
 2. 92. The method of claim 91, wherein: R¹ is selected from a group consisting of —C₁₋₉alkyl, —C₂₋₉alkenyl, —C₂₋₉alkynyl, —NR⁹R¹⁰, —C₁₋₉alkylR¹¹, —C₂₋₉alkenylR¹¹, —C₂₋₉alkynylR¹¹, —CH(OH)C₁₋₉alkylR⁹, —CH(OH)C₂₋₉alkenylR⁹, —CH(OH)C₂₋₉alkynylR⁹, —C(═O)R⁹, —C(═O)C₁₋₉alkylR⁹, —C(═O)C₂₋₉alkenylR⁹, —C(═O)C₂₋₉alkynylR⁹, —C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)C(═O)R⁹, —N(R⁹)C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)C(═O)OR⁹, —N(R⁹)C(═O)C(═NR¹⁰)R⁹, —N(R⁹)C(═O)C₁₋₄alkylN(R⁹)C(═O)R⁹, —N(R⁹)C(═NR¹⁰)R⁹, —C(═NR¹⁰)NR⁹R¹⁰, —N═C(R⁹)NR⁹R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)SO₂R⁹, —N(R⁹)SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; R⁶ is selected from a group consisting of H, —C₁₋₉alkyl, C₂₋₉alkenyl, —C₂₋₉alkynyl, —C₁₋₉alkylR¹¹, —C₂₋₉alkynylR¹¹, —C₂₋₉alkynylR¹¹, —C(═O)OR⁹, and —C₁₋₉alkylCO₂R⁹, —C₂₋₉alkenylCO₂R⁹, and —C₂₋₉alkynylCO₂R⁹, or alternatively R⁶ and an R⁷ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; each R⁷ is independently selected from a group consisting of H, —NR⁹R¹⁰, —OR⁹, and —C₁₋₉alkylCO₂R⁹, —C₂₋₉alkenylCO₂R⁹, and —C₂₋₉alkynylCO₂R⁹, or independently, R⁶ and an R⁷ or independently an R⁷ and an R⁸ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; each R⁸ is independently selected from a group consisting of H, —NR⁹R¹⁰, —OR⁹, and —C₁₋₉alkylCO₂R⁹, —C₂₋₉alkenylCO₂R⁹, and —C₂₋₉alkynylCO₂R⁹, or independently, an R⁷ and an R⁸ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; each R⁹ is independently selected from a group consisting of H, —C₁₋₉alkyl, C₂₋₉alkenyl, —C₂₋₉alkynyl, —C₁₋₉alkylR¹¹, —C₂₋₉alkenylR¹¹, —C₂₋₉alkynylR¹¹, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted —(CH₂)₀₋₃carbocyclyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; each R¹⁰ is independently selected from a group consisting of H, —C₁₋₉alkyl, —OR⁹, —CH(═NH), substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; and X is selected from a group consisting of —CO₂H and a carboxylic acid isostere.
 93. The method of claim 67, wherein the compound of formula (I) has a structure of formula (IIIa) or (IIIb):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: the bond represented by a dashed and solid line represents a bond selected from the group consisting of a single bond and a double bond; each R² and R⁴ are independently selected from a group consisting of Cl, F, CN, CF₃, —R⁹, —OR⁹, —C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, and —C(═O)OR⁹; each R³ and R⁵ are independently selected from a group consisting of Cl, F, CN, CF₃, —R⁹, —OR⁹, —C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, and —C(═O)OR⁹, with the proviso that if the bond represented by a dashed and solid line is a double bond then R³ and R⁵ are absent.
 94. The method of claim 67, wherein the compound of formula (I) has the structure of formula (Iva), (IVb), or (IVc):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: the bond represented by a dashed and solid line represents a bond selected from the group consisting of a single bond and a double bond; each R² and each R⁴ are independently selected from a group consisting of Cl, F, CN, CF₃, —R⁹, —OR⁹, —C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, and —C(═O)OR⁹; each R³ and each R⁵ are independently selected from a group consisting of Cl, F, CN, CF₃, —R⁹, —OR⁹, —C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, and —C(═O)OR⁹, with the proviso that if the bond represented by a dashed and solid line is a double bond then the R³ and R⁵ attached to the carbon atoms bonded that bond are absent.
 95. The method of claim 67, wherein the compound of formula (I) has a structure selected from the group consisting of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 96. The method of claim 67, wherein the compound of formula (I) has a structure:


97. A compound selected from the group consisting of:

wherein: R^(a) is selected from the group consisting of —R⁹, —NR⁹R¹⁰, —OR⁹, —C(═NR¹⁰)R⁹, —C(═CR⁹R¹⁰)R⁹, —C₁₋₄alkylN(R⁹)C(═O)R⁹, —C₁₋₉alkylR¹¹, and —C(═NOR⁹)R^(9′); R² and R⁴ are independently selected from a group consisting of H, Cl, F, CN, CF₃, —R⁹, —OR⁹, —C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, and —C(═O)OR⁹; or alternatively, an R² and R⁴ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; R³ and R⁵are independently selected from a group consisting of H, Cl, F, CN, CF₃, —R⁹, —OR⁹, —C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, and —C(═O)OR⁹; R⁶ is selected from a group consisting of H, —C₁₋₉alkyl, C₂₋₉alkenyl, —C₂₋₉alkynyl, carbocyclyl, —C ₁₋₉alkylR¹¹, —C₂₋₉alkenylR¹¹, —C₂₋₉alkynylR¹¹, carbocyclyl-R¹¹, —C(═O)OR⁹, —C₁₋₉alkylCO₂R⁹, —C₂₋₉alkenylCO₂R⁹, —C₂₋₉alkynylCO₂R⁹, and -carbocyclyl-CO₂R⁹, or alternatively: R⁶ and an R⁷ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, or R⁶ is absent when the carbon to which it is attached is a ring atom in an aryl or heteroaryl ring; each R⁷ is independently selected from a group consisting of H, halo , —C₁₋₉alkyl, —C₂₋₉alkenyl, —C₂₋₉alkynyl, —NR⁹R¹⁰, —OR⁹, —C₁₋₉alkylCO₂R⁹, —C₂₋₉alkenylCO₂R⁹, —C₂₋₉alkynylCO₂R⁹, and -carbocyclyl-CO₂R⁹, or independently: R⁶ and an R⁷ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, or R⁷ and an R⁸ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; each R⁸ is independently selected from a group consisting of H, halo , —C₁₋₉alkyl, —C₂₋₉alkenyl, —C₂₋₉alkynyl, —NR⁹R¹⁰, —OR⁹, —C₂₋₉alkenylCO₂R⁹, —C₂₋₉alkynylCO₂R⁹, -carbocyclyl-CO₂R⁹, or independently: R⁷ and an R⁸ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, a geminal R⁷ and R⁸ together form —C₂₋₉ alkenylenylCO₂R⁹, or each R⁸ attached to a ring atom forming part of a substituted or unsubstituted aryl is absent; each R⁹ is independently selected from a group consisting of H, —C₁₋₉alkyl, C₂₋₉alkenyl, —C₂₋₉alkynyl, carbocyclyl, —C₁₋₉alkylR¹¹, —C₂₋₉alkenylR¹¹, —C₂₋₉alkynylR¹¹, -carbocyclyl-R¹¹, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; R^(9′) is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₉alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl and substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; each R¹⁰ is independently selected from a group consisting of H, —OR⁹, —CH(═NH), —C(═O)OR⁹, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; each R¹¹ is independently selected from a group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; and wherein each C₁₋₉alkyl, C₂₋₉alkenyl, and C₂₋₉alkynyl is independently optionally substituted.
 98. The compound of claim 97 selected from the group consisting of:

wherein: R^(a) is selected from the group consisting of —R⁹, —NR⁹R¹⁰, —OR⁹, —C(═NR¹⁰)R⁹, —C(═CR⁹R¹⁰)R⁹, —C₁₋₄alkylN(R⁹)C(═O)R⁹, —C₁₋₉alkylR¹¹, and —C(═NOR⁹)R^(9′); R^(c) is selected from a group consisting of —C₁₋₉alkyl, —C₂₋₉alkenyl, —C₂₋₉alkynyl, —NR⁹R¹⁰, —C₁₋₉alkylR¹¹, —C₂₋₉alkenylR¹¹, —C₂₋₉alkynylR¹¹, -carbocyclyl-R¹¹, —CH(OH)C₁₋₉alkylR⁹, —CH(OH)C₂₋₉alkenylR⁹, —CH(OH)C₂₋₉alkynylR⁹, —CH(OH)carbocyclyl-R⁹, —C(═O)R⁹, —C(═O)C₁₋₉alkylR⁹, —C(═O)C₂₋₉alkenylR⁹, —C(═O)C₂₋₉alkynylR⁹, —C(═O)C₂₋₉carbocyclyl-R⁹, —C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)C(═O)R⁹, —N(R⁹)C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)C(═O)OR⁹, —N(R⁹)C(═O)C(═NR¹⁰)R⁹, —N(R⁹)C(═O)C(═CR⁹R¹⁰)R⁹, —N(R⁹)C(═O)C₁₋₄alkylN(R⁹)C(═O)R⁹, —N(R⁹)C(═NR¹⁰)R⁹, —C(═NR¹⁰)NR⁹R¹⁰, —N═C(R⁹)NR⁹R¹⁰, —N(R⁹)SO₂R⁹, —N(R⁹)SO₂NR⁹R¹⁰, —N═CHR⁹, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; R² and R⁴ are independently selected from a group consisting of H, Cl, F, CN, CF₃, —R⁹, —OR⁹, —C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, and —C(═O)OR⁹; or alternatively, an R² and R⁴ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; R³ and R⁵are independently selected from a group consisting of H, Cl, F, CN, CF₃, —R⁹, —OR⁹, —C(═O)NR⁹R¹⁰, and —C(═O)OR⁹; R⁶ is selected from a group consisting of H, —C₁₋₉alkyl, C₂₋₉alkenyl, —C₂₋₉alkynyl, carbocyclyl, —C₁₋₉alkylR¹¹, —C₂₋₉alkenylR¹¹, —C₂₋₉alkynylR¹¹, carbocyclyl-R¹¹, —C(═O)OR⁹, —C₁₋₉alkylCO₂R⁹, —C₂₋₉alkenylCO₂R⁹, —C₂₋₉alkynylCO₂R⁹, and -carbocyclyl-CO₂R⁹, or alternatively: R⁶ and an R⁷ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, or R⁶ is absent when the carbon to which it is attached is a ring atom in an aryl or heteroaryl ring; each R⁷ is independently selected from a group consisting of H, halo, —C₁₋₉alkyl, —C₂₋₉alkenyl, —C₂₋₉alkynyl, —NR⁹R¹⁰, —OR⁹, —C₁₋₉alkylCO₂R⁹, —C₂₋₉alkenylCO₂R⁹, —C₂₋₉alkynylCO₂R⁹, and -carbocyclyl-CO₂R⁹, or independently: R⁶ and an R⁷ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, or R⁷ and an R⁸ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; each R⁸ is independently selected from a group consisting of H, halo, —C₁₋₉alkyl, —C₂₋₉alkenyl, —C₂₋₉alkynyl, —NR⁹R¹⁰, —OR⁹, —C₁₋₉alkylCO₂R⁹, —C₂₋₉alkenylCO₂R⁹, —C₂₋₉alkynylCO₂R⁹, -carbocyclyl-CO₂R⁹, or independently: R⁷ and an R⁸ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, a geminal R⁷ and R⁸ together form —C₂₋₉ alkenylenylCO₂R⁹, or each R⁸ attached to a ring atom forming part of a substituted or unsubstituted aryl is absent; each R⁹ is independently selected from a group consisting of H, —C₁₋₉alkyl, C₂₋₉alkenyl, —C₂₋₉alkynyl, carbocyclyl, —C₁₋₉alkylR¹¹, —C₂₋₉alkenylR²², —C₂₋₉alkynylR¹¹, -carbocyclyl-R¹¹, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; R^(9′) is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₉alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl and substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; each R¹⁰ is independently selected from a group consisting of H, —C₁₋₉alkyl, —OR⁹, —CH(═NH), —C(═O)OR⁹, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; each R¹¹ is independently selected from a group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; and wherein each C₁₋₉alkyl, C₂₋₉alkenyl, and C₂₋₉alkynyl is independently optionally substituted. 